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2008年9月1日星期一

(2008年)脱氧核酸核糖(DNA)鉴定法案【完整版】

翻译:James/Blue/西西留

(2008年)脱氧核酸核糖(DNA)验证法令
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条款的议定
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第一篇

绪论

条

1. 简称及开始

2. 释义

第二篇

马来西亚法证DNA数据库

3. DNA数据库的设立

4. DNA数据库的目的

5. DNA数据库的功能

6. 部长委任中介或团体执行法证DNA分析的权限

第三篇

DNA数据库主管、副主管及数据库官员

7. DNA数据库主管、副主管及其他官员的委任

8. DNA数据库主管的功能与权限

9. DNA描述与资料的细节整合

10. 部长给予条款指示的权限

11. DNA描述或资料的存取

第四篇

体内样本及非体内样本的提取、储藏、销毁和DNA描述及资料的移除

12. 提取体内样本

13. 提取非体内样本

14. 拒绝样本提取

15. 自愿样本提取

16. 囚犯的DNA样本

17. 储存及销毁体内样本和非体内样本

18. 嫌疑犯名单中DNA描述及资料的提取

第五篇

罪行

19. 干预、怂恿或企图干预样本的罪行

20. DNA描述或资料的非法使用或通讯

21. 私隐的义务

22. 干预、怂恿或企图干预DNA描述或资料的罪行

第六篇

普通

23. 与国外法律执法机构的合作

24. DNA数据库的资料成为决定性

25. 诉讼及审讯中的保护

26. 规例

27. 除外及过渡期


立法提案

标题

一项提供设立马来西亚法证DNA数据库、提取DNA样本、法证DNA分析、有关DNA描述及资料的使用、以及相关事务的法令。

兹由马来西亚国会立法如下:

第一篇

绪论

简称及开始

1. 本法令称为《2008年脱氧核酸核糖(DNA)鉴定法案》。

2. 本法令必须由部长在「宪报」发表通告指定的一个日期起实施。

释义

2. 在本法令中,除非文中另有规定——

「化验师」(chemist)指任何附属马来西亚化学部的化验师,及包括附属马来西亚化学部的科学官员。

「法证DNA分析」(forensic DNA analysis)指任何为了判断个人身份为目的的分析。

「订明」(prescribed)指部长在此法令的规例下所做的订明。

「DNA数据库」(DNA Databank)指在第三条所设立的马来西亚法证DNA数据库。

「DNA」指脱氧核酸核糖。

「适当的同意」(appropriate consent)指——

(a) 有关十八岁以下人士,其父母或监护人的书面同意。

(b) 有关已达十八岁的人士,其父母或监护人的书面同意;或

(c) 有关被拘捕,或身心发育不全的人士,无论其条件的产生是因天生或疾病感染或受伤,及无法了解法证DNA分析的普遍自然秩序,或无法指出他是否同意交出他的体内样本或非体内样本的人士,其父母或监护人的书面同意;

「罪行」(offence)指将会在现行的任何法律下受处罚的任何作为(act)或不作为(omission)。

「DNA数据库主管」(Head of DNA Databank)指在第七条下所委任的马来西亚法证DNA数据库主管。

「部长」(Minister)指受委负责内政的部长。

「被扣留者」(detainee)指依据《联邦宪法》第149或150条下被逮捕及扣留的人士。

「获授权人员」(authorized officer)指任何警阶不低于副警监的警官。

「政府医药官员」(government medical officer)指在公共服务中注册的开业医生,包括在《1971年大学与大专法令【第30号法令】》下设立的大学教学医院中注册的开业医生。

「警官」(police officer)指马来西亚皇家警察的任何成员。

「滥用药物者」(drug dependant)指依据《1983年药物滥用(治疗和康复)法令【第283号法令】》下受收到法令或决定的人士。

「DNA描述」(DNA profile)指法证DNA分析中所衍生的基因资料。

「非体内样本」(non-intimate sample)指——

(a) 除了辱毛外的毛发样本;

(b) 从指甲或指甲内提取的样本;

(c) 除了拭子被拿取的地方外,从一名人士身体的任何部位所取得的拭子就是一个体内样本;或

(d) 唾液;

「体内样本」指——

(a) 一名人士的身体、尿液或耻毛中提取的血液、精液或其他组织或体液;或

(b) 一名人士的性器(包括耻毛)或除了口腔外,一名人士的身体孔道所提取的拭子。

第二篇

马来西亚法证DNA数据库

数据库的设立

3. (1) 成立一个名为「马来西亚法证DNA数据库」的DNA数据库。

(2) DNA数据库必须由DNA数据库主管进行管理、控制及监督。

(3) DNA数据库应该包含以下指标:

(a) 一个「案发现场指标」应该包含体内样本,或非体内样本所衍生的DNA样本及任何有关的资料,并被寻获于——

(i) 任何在罪行发生处的物件或任何地方;

(ii) 一项罪行的受害者身上或身体周围;

(iii) 一项罪行的受害者在罪行发生时所穿着或携带的任何东西;

或

(iv) 任何被有理由怀疑犯案的人士身上或身体周围;

(b) 一个「嫌疑人士指标」应该包含被有理由怀疑犯案的人士,及包括从无犯过任何罪行,被控上任何法庭的被嫌疑人士的体内样本或体外样本的DNA描述及任何所衍生的有关资料。

(c) 一个「定罪者指标」应该包含在任何成文法律中有任何罪名成立的人士的体内样本或体外样本的DNA描述及任何所衍生的有关资料。

(d) 一个「被扣留者指标」应该包含从被扣留者的体内样本或体外样本的DNA描述及任何所衍生的有关资料。

(e) 一个「滥用药物者指标」应该包含从滥用药物者的体内样本或体外样本的DNA描述及任何所衍生的有关资料。

(f) 一个「失踪人士指标」应该包含来自以下条件的体内样本或体外样本的DNA描述及任何所衍生的有关资料——

(i) 一名身份不明的死者的身体或身体部位;

(ii) 失踪人士穿着或携带的物件;或是

(iii) 如有需要,失踪人士的血缘近亲;及

(g) 一个「自愿者指标」应该包含来自作为志愿者的人士,为DNA数据库储存DNA资料之用途,及参考在 16(2)(a)段下的其他目的,所呈交的体内样本或体外样本的DNA描述及任何所衍生的有关资料。

DNA数据库的目的

4. (1) 依据3(3)款,DNA数据库的主要目是存储及保持指标,作为与法证调查有关的人类辨认的用途。

(2) 附加于(1)款,DNA数据库中的DNA描述及任何相关的资料可使用在协助——

(a) 灾难下的人类残存部分的还原或辨认或作为人道用途;及

(b) 活人或死者的辨认。

DNA数据库的功能

5. DNA数据库的功能是储存DNA描述及有关法证DNA分析的任何资料,由马来西亚化学部或马来西亚皇家警察的法证实验室执行,或随时由「宪报」所发布的命令下,由部长委任的任何中介或组织。

部长委任中介或团体执行法证DNA分析的权限

6. (1) 依据第五条,部长委任中介或团体执行法证DNA分析的权限,应只能在马来西亚化学部或马来西亚皇家警察的法证实验室无法执行任何法证DNA分析时才能执行。

(2) 部长可依据第五款的命令,指定该中介或团体所执行的法证DNA分析,受委机构必须只能在第4(2)款的使用条款下做出上述用途。

第三篇

DNA数据库主管、副主管及数据库官员

DNA数据库主管、副主管及其他官员的委任

7. (1) 部长应该委任警阶不低于副警监的警官,在委任书所指示的期限及使用条款下,作为马来西亚法证DNA数据库主管。

(2)部长应该委任警阶不低于高级助理警监的警官,作为此法令必须的达到的目的下,作为DNA数据库副主管,在此法令下,他必须约束于DNA主管的控制和指示下,行驶权利及履行职权功能。

(3) 部长应该从来自或附属于马来西亚化学部的警方人员、化验师及其他官员中委任此数量的DNA数据库官员,以必要的执行此法令的目的,他们的控制、只是及监督应该受约束与DNA数据库主管。

(4) 在此法令下,DNA数据库主管可在此条件、局限或限制下以书信,在他认为适合的情况下征收、委任所有或任何在他权力下的功能于DNA数据库副主管或DNA数据库官员。

(5) 在第(4)款下的委任权可在任何时候由DNA数据库主管撤回,在此节下的委任权并不妨碍DNA数据库主管执行其权力或行驶其功能。

DNA数据库主管的功能与权限

8. (1) DNA主管应该拥有以下功能:

(a) 负责DNA数据库的一般管理、行政及管理;

(b) 设立机制,促成对于DNA数据库储存的DNA描述及任何相关资料的收集、储存及普及;

(c) 确保DNA描述及任何相关资料安全储存及保密;

(d) 依据此法令所订明,对作为法证DNA分析的体内及非体内样本做储存及处置;

(e) 于此法令下,与外国法证执法组织合作;及

(f) 在授权下或依据此法令执行其他功能,及在任何追加的、无可避免的或此款下特定的任何功能的意义下,或促进DNA数据库为目的的情况下执行任何其他的功能。

(2) DNA数据库主管应该在必要下,或有关联到,或在此法令下行驶其功能的意义下,拥有其全部职权。

DNA描述与资料的细节整合

9.(1) 倘若在以下状况,DNA数据库主管应该被授权整合DNA描述的细目及任何相关资料——

(a) 发生笔误时;及

(b) 他有足够证据证明输入错误后,在做出调整前,他应该在必要情况下,对交付给他的相关个人样本分析所衍生的资料做出细节整合。

(2) 此节下的权力应该单独由DNA数据库主管执行。

(3) 依据此节所做的任何整合不应被解释为对任何在DNA数据库中的DNA描述或相关资料的一项干预、怂恿或企图干预行为。

部长给予条款指示的权限

10. 部长可在此法令所规定下,指示DNA数据库主管依据此法令条款,协调有关DNA数据库主管的功能及职权行驶,DNA数据库主管应该根据这项指示执行。

DNA描述或资料的存取

11. (1) DNA数据库主管、DNA数据库副主管、DNA数据库官员及任何化验师应该只在在下目的下存取、通讯或使用DNA描述及任何储存在DNA数据库的相关资料——

(a) 与其他DNA描述或任何执法组织所处理的任何罪犯调查资料的法证对比。

(b) DNA数据库的管理;或

(c) 对与有关资料相关的人士开通资料。

(2) 为了避免怀疑,在(1)款下,一名化验师在存取、通讯或使用DNA描述及任何储存在DNA数据库的相关资料时,仅能依据(a)项所说明的目的。

第四篇

体内样本及非体内样本的提取、储藏、销毁和DNA描述及资料的移除

提取体内样本

12. (1) 对于任何人士提取体内样本的程序,必须依据此款下的项目所订明。

(2) 一个体内样本是——

(a) 一名有理由被怀疑犯案的人士;

(b) 被扣留者;或

(c) 滥用药物者,可提取作为法证DNA分析,仅若——

(A) 一名获授权人员授权提取,及

(B) 获得被提取体内样本的人士的适当同意下所出示所订明的表格。

(3) 依据第(2)(B)项下,一名获授权人员在获得适当同意后,只能在第(2)(A)项所授予的权力下,偌——

(a)他有合理的理由对于——

(i)怀疑那被提取非体内样本人士涉嫌罪行;及

(ii)相信该样本将会用来证实或反驳委员会关于该人所犯下的罪行;

(b) 在联邦宪法第一百四十九条及一百五十条下所生效的一项逮捕或对被扣留者所做出的扣留令;或

(c) 依据《1983年药物滥用(治疗和康复)法令》对一名滥用药物者所做出的命令或判决。

(4)获授权人员指——

(a)必须在第(3)款下以书面授权;或

(b)如果第(a)项无法应用,则可以口头授权,可是他必须确定他将尽快以书面授权。

(5) 从一名被提取体内样本的人士,应该对从他身上所提取的样本分析索衍生的资料获得授权。

(6) 一个体内样本应该只能由政府医务官员提取。

提取非体内样本

13. (1) 对于任何人士提取非体内样本的程序必须依据此款下的项目所订明。

(2) 一个非体内样本是——

(a) 任何人被合理的怀疑涉嫌了罪行

(b) 被扣留者;或

(c) 滥用药物者,只可在获授权人员的授权下被提取非体内样本。

(3) 获授权人员可在第(2)款下行驶他的执法权,如果——

(a) 他对以下条件有合理的基础——

(i) 怀疑那个被提取非体内样本的人涉嫌罪行;及

(ii) 相信该样本将会用来证实或反驳委员会关于该人所犯下的罪行;

(b) 在联邦宪法第一百四十九条及一百五十条下所生效的一项逮捕或对被扣留者所做出的扣留令;或

(c) 依据《1983年药物滥用(治疗和康复)法令》对一名滥用药物者所做出的命令或判决。

(4) 一名获授权人员指——

(a) 必须在第(2)款下以书面授权;或

(b) 如果(a)项行不通的,则可以口头授权,可是他必须确定他将尽快以书面授权。

(5) 从一名被提取非体内样本的人士,应该对从他身上所提取的样本分析索衍生的资料获得授权。

(6) 非体内样本只可以在以下情况被提取——

(a)政府医务官员;或

(b) 警官或化验师

(7) 警官在有必要的情况下将可以提取某人的非体内样本来协助调查。

拒绝样本提取

14. 在此法令下,如果被提取非体内样本的一名人士——

(a)拒绝提供样本;或

(b) 拒绝被提取样本;或

(c)阻碍他人提取他自己的样本,即属违法,可被罚款不超过一万令吉,或被监禁,刑期不超过1年或两者兼施。

自愿样本提取

15. (1) 任何人,除了那些已经在第12和第13条款下被提取了体内样本或非体内样本除外,可在自愿的适当同意下授权于以所订明的表格指定一名警官替自己提取体内样本或非体内样本,唯该指定的警官的警阶必须是不低于副警司阶级。

(2) 如果当事人已经在第(1)款下,适当同意授权指定警阶不低于副警司阶级的警官替自己提取体内样本或非体内样本,该指定警官必须在还没有提取样本前,告知当事人此样本将会被谁提取、储存及用途——

(a) DNA描述和任何从当事人提取的体内样本或非体内样本将会被储存在DNA数据库内,作为法证DNA分析的用途及、警方要求及第十一条下所列明的用途。

(b) 当事人可要求警官要存取资料;及

(c) 在第(1)款下,当事人也可在任何时间终止他的授权书。

囚犯的DNA样本

16.任何人因为他所犯下的罪行而已被定罪。在他监禁期间,体内样本或非体内样本可能会被采取作为法证DNA分析用途。

储存及销毁体内样本和非体内样本

17. (1) DNA数据库主管只应保留所需要的体内样本及非体内样本,及必须安全和保密地储存起来,以作为法证DNA分析的用途。其余的体内样本及非体内样本,DNA数据库主管必须不能延时消毁。

(2) 储存及销毁体内样本和非体内样本的程序必须依据订明。

嫌疑犯名单中DNA描述及资料的提取

18. 依据此条令下,从一名有理由被嫌疑罪行的人士所获取的体内样本或非体内样本,而——

(a) 调查证实他没有涉及任何罪行;

(b) 他所被控的任何罪名被撤销;

(c) 他已经被审讯或上诉的一项罪名,在法庭中被撤销;

(d) 他已经被审讯或上诉的一项罪名,被判无罪释放;或

(e) 他的样本被拿取后的日期起算一年间,他没有因罪行而被控上法庭,DNA数据库主管应该依据 (a),(b),(c),(d)或(e)项,在六个月内通知有关警区的负责警官,移除此人在DNA数据库中的DNA描述及任何相关的资料。

第五篇

罪行

篡改、教唆或企图篡改样本的罪行

19. (1) 任何人篡改、教唆或企图篡改DNA的个人非体内样本或体内样本,即属违法。

(2) 第(1)款下,任何人篡改、教唆或企图篡改DNA的个人非体内样本或体内样本,即属违法,并可被监禁不超过五年,或罚款不超过五千令吉或两者兼施。

(3) 在此款下,任何人教唆委员会或企图犯下第十九条款下的罪行,即属违法,并可被入罪。

唯其罪行的监禁刑期不得超过最高刑罚的1/2的刑期。

DNA描述或资料的非法使用或通讯

20. (1)除第11条及12条所禀明,进入DNA数据库获取DNA描述的人士或存取储存在DNA数据库内资料的人士,不应在此法令除外的目的下,使用或通讯该DNA描述或任何相关的资料。

(2) 第(1)款下,任何人篡改、教唆或企图篡改DNA的样本或相关资料即属违法,并可被监禁,刑期不超过五年,或罚款不超过五万令吉或两者兼施。

私隐的义务

21. (1) DNA数据库主管、副主管或有关部门官员能以任何理由,存取DNA数据库内任何关于DNA描述的数据、纪录、帐簿、登记册、来往公文、或材料,或资料,他必须已获得履行其职能或行使其权力,及不得给予、泄露、透露、发布或以其他方式透露给任何人,例如文件、材料或资料,除非所述是需要的或已被授权于——

(a)此法令下,或订立的规例;

(b)任何成文法律下;

(c)任何法庭传召下

(d)在此法令或此法令的规例下,相关人员履行其职能或行使其权力的过程中所需。

(2) 任何触犯第(1)款,并被判有罪的人士应该被监禁不超过五年,或罚款不超过五万令吉或两者兼施。

篡改、教唆或企图篡改DNA描述或资料的罪行

22. (1) 如果一个人篡改或企图篡改任何DNA数据库在此有关的在藏有,保管或控制DNA描述或任何资料即属一项罪行。

(2) 这款的意向,篡改任何DNA描述或任何相关资料包括以下内容:

(a) 该DNA描述或任何相关资料被更改或删除

(b) 介绍或添加到该DNA描述或任何相关资料于任何新的DNA描述或相关资料

(c) 发生任何损害DNA数据库主管,DNA数据库副主管或DNA数据库官员能力的事件必须通过DNA描述或任何相关资料。

(2) 任何被提控触犯此罪者,一单定罪,可被判监禁,刑期不超过五年或罚款不超过50千令吉或两者兼施。

(3) 根据本款,任何教唆委员会或企图犯下罪行者应承认罪行,并应定罪,有义务完成该项处罚的惩罚:任何监禁刑期施加不得超过一半以上的最高刑期为罪行。

第六篇

一般

与外国执法机构之间的合作

23. (1) 外国执法机构可能会提出要求于DNA数据库主管,将DNA数据库里面的DNA描述与外国的执法机构的DNA数据库里的DNA描述做比对,以判断此DNA描述里是否已已经涵盖在DNA数据库内及与外国执法机构对相关资料的协调。

(2)DNA数据库主管可在外国执法机构可能会提出要求一项罪行调查下,或在外国的刑事罪行检控中,将涵盖在DNA数据库的DNA描述与外国执法机构作为协调。

(3)在此条款下,「外国执法机构」指任何国家所成立的执法机构及包括由任何国家政府或国际组织所成立的国际执法机构。

DNA数据库的资料成为决定性

24. 尽管任何书面的法律相反,从DNA的数据库得来的任何信息应被接纳为DNA鉴定在任何法律程序中于任何法院的决定性证明。

诉讼及审讯中的保护

25. 任何法庭内不应采取任何法律行动,诉讼,起诉或其他訴訟程序对付——

(a) 部长

(b) DNA数据库主管

(c) DNA数据库副主管

(d) DNA数据库有关部门官员

(e) 政府医药官员;或

(f) 化验师

当他在诚实信用的原则下,根据本条例的条款,履行他的权利、职责的过程中所导致的任何行为、疏忽或遗漏。

规例

26. (1) 部长在可能必要或权宜的情况下制定规例以充分落实,或进行该项条款。

(2) 在不损害第(1)款的一般性的原则下,规例可作为——

(a) 订明在拿取和处理体内样本及非体内样本的程序;

(b) 订明为本条款的任何形式;

(c) DNA数据库的规范管理,行政和控制;以及

(d) 提供的任何事项于此条款,是必须或被允许订明或必要或权宜指定。

[除外]及过渡期

27. 任何在本法令未执行前,马来西亚化学部或马来西亚皇家警察所收藏及保管的现有DNA描述及任何相关的资料,应该在本法令执行后被视为在本法令下根据所使用的指标设立的DNA数据库所储藏及保存的一部分。

注释声明


第一篇

本提案宗旨在于建立一个法证DNA数据库、采取DNA样本、法证DNA分析、利用DNA描述和任何相关的资料,及有关连的事宜。

2. 所建议的法令中第一篇所包含的初步事项。

3. 第1条包含法案中的简称,及授权部长指定一个即将来临的日期执行所建议的法令。

4. 第2条包含所建议的法令中字眼的定义及表达。

第二篇

5. 所建议法令中第二篇包含有关建立马来西亚法证DNA数据库的规定、目标和功用。

6. 第3条规定马来西亚法证DNA数据库的设立,必须在DNA数据库主管的管理、控制和监督之下。这项条款亦订明DNA数据库所包含的指标。

7. 第4条及第5条订明DNA数据库的目标和功能。

8. 第6条寻求授权部长在马来西亚化学部或马来西亚皇家警察法证实验室无法进行法证DNA分析时,指定任何机构或团体分析法证DNA分析。

第三篇

9. 所建议的法令中第三篇涉及行政事务。

10. 第7条委任DNA数据库主管、DNA数据库的副主管和DNA数据库官员。

11. 第8条订明DNA数据库主管的职能和权力。

thereto if a clerical error has occurred.
12. 第9条授权DNA数据库主管纠正详细的DNA描述及任何有关笔误的资料。

13. 第10条授权部长发出[普通性指示]于DNA数据库主管。

14. 第11条包含有关储存于DNA数据库的DNA描述和相关资料的存取、通信或使用的条款。

第四篇

15. 所建议法令中的第四篇论及从有关从被嫌疑人士身上拿取、储存和处理体内和非体内样本及取消DNA描述和相关资料。

16. 第12条指出拿取体内样本以及得到准许拿取之前必须符合的条件程序。

17. 第13条指出拿取费体内样本以及得到授权拿取之前必须符合的条件。

18. 第14条寻求有关拒绝提供样本的罪行。

19. 第15条的条款包含有关自愿给于体内或非体内样本及提供样本的人士之权利的程序。

20. 第16条为提供从囚犯采取DNA样本。

DNA Databank.
21. 第17条的条款包含有关储存与处置贮存于DNA数据库的体内和非体内样本的条款。

22. 第18条包含有关删除「嫌疑人士指标」DNA描述及相关资料的条款。

第五篇

23. 所提议的法令中第五篇包含有关所提议法令条文下的罪行。

24. 第19条规定篡改、教唆或企图篡改任何体内或非体内收集样本的罪行。

25. 第20条禁止除了建议法案以外的任何因素使用或通信DNA的描述或任何资料。

26. 第21条强制DNA数据库的主管、副主管及官员的保密义务。

27. 第22条规定任何篡改、教唆或企图篡改有关藏有保管或控制DNA数据库内的DNA描述或任何资料的罪行。

第六篇

28. 所提议法令的第六篇包含总则。

29. 第23条寻求授权于DNA数据库主管与外国执法机构的合作。

30. 第24条说明DNA数据库所含有的资料应得到任何法院的任何法律程序决定性鉴定。

31. 第十五条授权部长、DNA数据库主管、副主管、官员、政府医务官员和化验师,如果在诚实信用的原则下,在所建议法令下采取行动、诉讼或提控以行驶任何权力,职能和责任赋予豁免权。

32. 第26条授权部长在必要下修改规例的权力,以彻底贯彻及落实所建议的法令。

33. 第27条涉及储存及转移的条款。

财政影响

本条例草案将涉及目前无法确定的政府额外财政支出的数额。
[PN(U2)2548]

2008年8月30日星期六

刑事DNA资料库之扩增与隐私权之探讨

東海大學法學研究第二十三期

刑事DNA资料库之扩增与隐私权之探讨①

唐淑美②
①本文系为作者主持 2005年行政院国家科学委员会基因体医学国家型科技计画之ELSI个人计画NSC94-3112-H-468-001之部分研究成果,曾于2005年4 月8日发表于中央研究院人文社会科学研究中心『台湾基因意向之调查与研究』学术研讨会,经修改后于2005年6月15日经东海大学法学研究评审为接受刊登,本文在此对匿名评审委员之费心斧正表示感谢。


②亚洲大学财经法律学系助理教授、英国雪菲尔大学法学博士。

目次
壹、前言
贰、美国刑事DNA资料库之扩增
一、Commonwealth v. Reese案例
二、United States v. Kincade案例
参、英国刑事DNA资料库之扩增
一、R. v. Nathaniel案例
二、R. v.Weir案例
三、R. v. Attorney General’s Reference No.3 of 1999
「皇家刑事部门」建议文
法官之自由裁量权
纯理论性搜索(Speculative Searches)
肆、各国刑事DNA资料库之建档差异
伍、合理的隐私权期待
一、空间上的隐私保护
二、资讯上的隐私保护
陆、结论

中文摘要

在过去十年中,各国刑事DNA资料库从极少之资料到现在具有庞大之资料,从仅包含性犯罪之资料到非犯罪者之资料,其中最明显地即在于人口数量之成长上。刑事DNA资料库中之DNA样本已成为政府用来对抗犯罪之重要工具。

以英国为例,由于上议院于R v B之决议,二○○一年之《刑事正义及警察法》扩张对于警察必须销毁DNA检体及资料之限制,增加新条款(1C)(1D)为纯理论性搜索 (Speculative Searches)。英国基于在民主社会中,为了国家安全、公共利益、预防社会不安及犯罪之发生为前提,因此《英国警察暨刑事证据法》遭一连串的修订,不仅扩增英国警察保留检体之权限,亦加快国家DNA资料库之搜集及处理之速度。根据英国FSS于二○○四年发布的资料显示,从一九九五年到目前为止,英国已贮存了二百七十万件「刑事DNA档案」,二十四万三千六百件「犯罪现场痕迹DNA档案」,其中共有五十八万四千件嫌疑犯之DNA型别与犯罪现场痕迹DNA 型别相符。另以美国为例,一九九四年美国国会制定《DNA鉴别法》(DNA Identification Act 1994),正式授权美国联邦调查局依法使用该资料库,该国家型DNA整合索引系统(Combined DNA Index System ;CODIS)允许执法单位下载有关犯罪者之DNA基因资讯,因此许多州选择加入DNA整合索引系统。二○○○年后,美国为消弭DNA鉴定之延迟及累积,并且欲扩张此资料库之范围,美国国会通过《DNA分析延迟消弭法》(DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000),准许联邦调查局去搜集联邦所列举之各项犯罪、监禁者、假释、缓刑、交付保护管束等之DNA样本,在二○○四年九月该资料库已经搜集有一百八十八万五千人之DNA样本。它们以解决过去及未来可能之犯罪为目的,甚过对于犯罪者隐私权之保护,进而合理化它们扩建DNA资料库范围之行为。

以国家公权力要求人民提供血液或唾液样本为DNA检测,属于美国宪法第四修正案保护人身搜索之一种范围,如果在没有法律之强制执行目的下,搜索而且没有获得合理的搜索理由时,搜索是不可实行的。DNA资料库范围之扩建是否违反了人民对隐私权之合理期待?一般咸认为固然被告之隐私权应当受到尊重及保护,但是刑法的目的乃是保护每个人的生命及财产不受威胁及迫害,基于保护全民之公共利益,对于严重之暴力犯罪,应当予以有效侦查及起诉,这才符合司法之公平与正义。我国国家刑事DNA资料库之正式成立,乃是于八十八年去氧核糖核酸采样条例制定后,内政部警政署刑事警察局再依性侵害犯罪防治法及去氧核糖核酸采样条例之规定建立,对于性侵害加害人、性犯罪、重大暴力犯罪案件之被告或犯罪嫌疑人依法强制采样,建立其DNA资料库。由于国内试图利用刑事DNA资料库,以解决过去及未来可能产生严重之暴力犯罪,法务部甚至曾研拟全民DNA资料建档之可能,本文试参考英国及美国现行刑事DNA资料库扩增的情形及立法趋势,借他山之石以攻错。

壹、前言

自从一九五三年华森(James Watson)和克里克(Francis Crick)确立了DNA双股螺旋模型,获得了二十世纪所谓的「诺贝尔奖中之诺贝尔奖」后,生命科学的新纪元自此而开创。DNA是自然界最特殊和最精致之分子,生物学家对于双股螺旋体之解码充满了惊奇,DNA藉由简单的四种核酸分子不同的组合与序列排序,创造出宇宙生物体之多样性变化。又由于电脑科技之刑事DNA资料库之扩增与隐私权之探讨惊人发展,科学家尝试将宇宙生物体DNA之多样性变化分析解码并储存于资料库。以医学为例,目前世界各国政府期望透过基因资料库的建置,将大量国民的人群DNA样本予以定序,藉由基因资讯的交叉比对,期望找出导致人类罹病之主要原因①,刑事科学亦不例外。英国科学家杰佛瑞斯(Alec Jeffreys)发现人类细胞核中DNA链上不能转译成蛋白质的核苷酸片段(中断子),虽然不能转译成蛋白质资讯,但是该部分核苷酸片段序列具有重复之特征,该种特殊片段又称为短纵列片段(Short Tandem Repeat),杰佛瑞斯发现人类由于短纵列片段之重复次数不同,可以鉴别出人与人之间之彼此相异②。由于DNA鉴定发挥了前所未有之鉴定价值,各国政府纷纷建立刑事DNA资料库,刑事专家侦查犯罪也从以往被动侦查失手落网之嫌犯,进而转为藉由刑事DNA资料库之纯理论性搜索(Speculative Searches)③,主动自刑事DNA资料库中筛选出嫌犯。在过去十年中,各国刑事DNA资料库所搜集之范围及内容明显变更,有些国家刑事DNA资料库原仅搜集性犯罪者之 DNA资料,到目前涵盖许多非犯罪者之资料,其中最明显地即在于资料库人口数量之快速成长,刑事DNA资料库之DNA样本已成为政府用来对抗犯罪之重要工具。根据英国刑事科学部(Forensic Science Service,FSS)于二○○四年发布的资料显示,从一九九五年到目前为止,英国已贮存了二百七十万件档案于「刑事DNA资料库」(The National DNA Database,NDNAD),二十四万三千六百件「犯罪现场痕迹DNA档案」,其中共有五十八万四千件嫌疑犯之DNA型别与犯罪现场痕迹DNA型别相符,三万八千笔犯罪现场痕迹DNA型别与其他犯罪现场痕迹DNA型别相符④。 

①刘宏恩,人类基因资料库法制问题之研究,律师杂志第303期,2004年12月,页71-94。 

②AJ Jeffreys/JFY Brookfield/FR Semeonoff, Positive Identification of an Immigration Test Case Using Human DNA Fingerprints, 317 Nature 818-819 (1986); AJ Jeffreys/A. MacLeod/K. Tamaki/D. Neil/D. Monckton, Minisatellite repeat coding as a digital approach to DNA typing, 354 Nature 204-209 (1991); AJ Jeffreys, DNA Typing: Approaches and Applications, 33(4) JFSS 204-211(1993); AJ Jeffreys/V. Wilson/SL Thein, Hypervariable ‘Minisatellite’ Regions in Human DNA, 314 Nature 67-73 (1985a); AJ Jeffreys/V. Wilson/SL Thein, Individual-specific "Fingerprints' of Human DNA, 316 Nature 76-79 (1985b). 

③请参见英国内政部网站有关纯理论性搜索之相关法规,Criminal Justice & Police Act: Changes to Sections 63a and 64 of Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 Relating to the Retention of Fingerprints and Samples. 

④请参见英国刑事科学部(Forensic Science Service,FSS)于2004年11月发布之新闻稿。 

另以美国为例,一九八九年维吉尼亚州设立美国第一个搜集性犯罪者DNA样本之刑事DNA资料库。尔后,美国于一九九○年建立DNA整合索引系统(Combined DNA Index System;CODIS),作为一个搜集来自十四个州之DNA样本之计划。在索引系统建立之四年后,一九九四年美国国会制定《DNA鉴别法》(DNA Identification Act 1994)⑤,正式授权美国联邦调查局依法使用该资料库,该国家型DNA整合索引系统( CODIS)允许执法单位下载有关犯罪者之DNA基因资讯,因此许多州选择加入DNA整合索引系统。 DNA整合索引系统分为三个层次,地方DNA整合索引系统(LDIS)、州DNA整合索引系统(SDIS)、国家DNA整合索引系统(NDIS)。二 ○○○年后,美国为消弭DNA鉴定之延迟及累积,并且欲扩张此资料库之范围,美国国会通过美国《DNA分析延迟消弭法》(DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000)⑥,允许联邦调查局去搜集联邦所列举之各项犯罪、监禁者、假释、缓刑、交付保护管束等之DNA样本,在二○○四年九月该资料库已经搜集有一百八十八万五千人之 DNA样本7。它们以解决过去及未来可能之犯罪为目的,甚过对于犯罪者隐私权之保护,进而合理化它们扩建DNA资料库范围之行为。我国去氧核糖核酸采样条例立法目的并非完全取向于刑事犯罪侦查及诉讼举证问题,该采样条例揭橥之立法目的,大可分为三类:一、加速及改善刑事诉讼程序功能:为维护人民安全、提升犯罪侦查效能、有效防制性犯罪,来协助司法鉴定。二、警察预防犯罪之功用:基于维护人民安全,协寻失踪人口。三、协助司法机关鉴定,确定亲子血缘关系。但依据该条例第三条第七款、第八款规定及第五条规定,可强制采集DNA生物样本之对象为性犯罪及重大暴力犯罪之被告及犯罪嫌疑人。法务部曾构想扩张此资料库之范围,但由于涉及到庞大的经费预算及人权团体之可能杯葛,因此目前我国去氧核糖核酸资料库范围并未扩张。 回原处

⑤This Act was incorporated into the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. 

⑥Roberto Iraola, The DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000, 40(4)Criminal Law Bulletin 2 (2004). 

贰、美国刑事DNA资料库之扩增

美国为消弭DNA鉴定多年来之延迟及累积,并且欲扩张此资料库之范围,美国国会于二○○○年通过美国《DNA分析延迟消弭法》,准许联邦调查局去搜集联邦所列举之各项犯罪、监禁者、假释、缓刑、交付保护管束等之DNA样本。然而,美国《DNA分析延迟消弭法》遭到许多宪法上之挑战,其主要之质疑在于从认定有罪者身上所搜集之DNA样本,是否违反美国宪法第四修正案。美国宪法第四修正案规定「人民享有保障人身、住所、文件及财物之安全权利,不得予以侵犯,人民不受不合理7的搜索与逮捕。除依据合理的理由(Probable Cause),且有誓言(Oath)或保证的支持,并具体指明搜索与逮捕之地点与人或物,否则政府不得发给搜索或逮捕令状。①」根据美国最高法院于一九六七年之Katz v. U.S②一案,最高法院认为隐私权并非基本权(General Right),而是由美国宪法第四修正案所引申出之国民隐私的保护之特别要求,即为隐私权之保障。因此,警察对于人民DNA之搜索与日后于实验室之分析、储存,是否违反美国宪法第四修正案有关于人民隐私权之保护?美国最高法院于一九六六年之 Schmerber v. California③一案中即指出,该案警察发现该被告 Schmerber 于车祸事故现场时眼睛布满血丝,身上闻得到浓重酒味,当时警察已没有足够的时间向法院申请搜索令,因为血液中之酒精浓度会随着时间之流逝而减低,因此法院认为该案警察有合理的理由在不经被告的同意下,强行命令医院采取 Schmerber 之血液进行酒精浓度检测,此项有关于人身之搜索,并不违反美国宪法第四修正案。因此,以国家公权力要求人民提供血液或尿液样本为DNA 项目检测,虽亦为人身搜索之一种,应属美国宪法第四修正案保护之范围,但若此搜索检测,是基于公共利益及合理怀疑所为之行为,而非政府随意的行政措施,则并不违反美国宪法第四修正案不受不合理的搜索与逮捕的权利,此乃因为公共利益超越个人利益,包括被要求抽血验尿者之合理期待隐私权。一般来说,搜索或扣押依据美国宪法第四修正案均须来自有充分根据为基础之授权令,最高法院通常在发给授权令时,秉持着合理之标准,即如果政府之行动系为进行犯罪证据之搜查。特定之嫌疑犯之搜索,即使有特殊之需求仍须符合宪法之规范。在某些欲为搜索之案例中,不论是一定程度之怀疑或授权令之发给都是必须的,同时法院必须考量政府利益与个人隐私权保护例外之平衡。如果政策或法律之主要目的仅是为了控制犯罪,在缺乏一定程度之怀疑下所为之搜索,将会违反第四修正案。 

①美国宪法第四修正案原文“The right of the people to be secure in their persons,houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, put upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

②美国最高法院认为隐私权并非基本权(general right),而是由美国宪法第四修正案所引申出之国民隐私的保护(Fourth Amendment provides no general right to privacy, but protects what citizens seek to preserve as private)See Katz v. US, 389 US 347, 351 (1967).

③See Schmerber v. California 384 US 757 (1966).

另外对于美国宪法第五修正案④中之「不自证己罪与任何人生活、自由或财产都不该在违反法律正当程序下遭到剥夺」亦在此案遭受质疑。在Schmerber v. California案件中,对于非自愿性的血液检测结果,是否违反第五修正案中之不自证己罪之原则?但根据该案法院在Schmerber案中之看法,「本院裁决不自证己罪条款之规定仅在保护被告不被强制对自己做不利之证述,或提供其他证述性或交谈性之证据,系争强制被告抽血化验乙节,并非强制被告做不利己之证述,应无本条款之适用」⑤。因此,警察基于合理怀疑及公共利益所为之执行,而非随意的行政措施,其强迫被告DNA检测之行为,并非强制被告做不利己之证述,并不违反被告美国宪法第五修正案中之不自证己罪与正当程序条款之权利。 

④The Fifth Amendment states that, “[n]o person…shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law”.

⑤See Schmerber v. California 384 US 757 (1966).

一、Commonwealth v. Reese①案例

为了要释放无罪之人,判决确定后(Post-Conviction)以DNA证据证明无罪已是一项趋势②,美国百夫长教会(Centurion Ministries)及无辜者计画(Innocent Project)正努力藉由DNA鉴识来发现并平反过去不公正的司法案件③。然而被判决有罪之人是否得以请求法庭验明被害者同居人(Consensual Partner)之DNA资料④?法庭如果同意该项请求是否会违反被害者同居人宪法修正案有关隐私权之权利⑤?美国宪法第四修正案主要是保护防卫人民合理的隐私权不受侵犯,人民人身、住所、文件及财物应有不受政府不合理的搜索与逮捕的权利;美国宪法第五修正案中任何人都不应被要求为自己的罪行见证(不自证己罪)。法庭如果强制采取被害者同居人之DNA检体,是否会违反被害者同居人之身体有不受政府不合理的搜索与逮捕与不自证己罪的权利?许多检察官迟疑应用 DNA鉴识去重新开启这些旧案⑥,尤其是检验被害者同居人DNA型别以为判决确定后无罪之证明,因为在强制性交案件中,目击证人之证词应较重新以被害者同居人DNA鉴识之结果为强,此乃由于自受害者阴道、内裤上所采取之精液斑,可能是受害者同居人之DNA资料,或者是被告在发生强制性交行为时并没有射精,因此重新以DNA鉴识被害者同居人之DNA型别并无多大意义。

①See Commonwealth v. Reese, 633 A. 2d at 206, 209-10 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1995)

②E. Conners and et al. Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence after Trial. US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC. (1996).

③Howard Coleman & Eric Swenson, DNA in the ourtroom-A trial watcher's guide (Washington: Genelex Press Seattle, 1994).

④Cynthia Bryant, When One Man's DNA Is Another Man's Exonerating Evidence,33 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 113, 117-34 (2000).

⑤See ibid, at 113-151.

⑥Karen Christian, Note, And the DNA Shall Set You Free: Issues Surrounding Postconviction DNA Evidence and the Pursuit of Innocence, 62 OHIO ST. LJ 1195, 1208 (2001).

Commonwealth v. Reese一案认为虽然被害者同居人之DNA型别与受害者阴道、内裤上所采取之精液斑型别相符时,并不能排除被告不涉案之可能性,因为受害者在发生强制性交之前与其同居人发生性行为,或者是被告在发生强制性交行为时并没有射精,但假若被害者同居人之DNA型别与受害者阴道、内裤上所采取之精液斑型别不相符时,则此强制性交之行为显然是由其他第三者所为,因此藉由法庭验明被害者同居人之DNA型别,协助无罪之被告获得司法之救济。此项无辜者计画,经由检验被害者同居人之DNA型别,协助多名定罪者在历经多年之监禁后重获自由⑦。 

⑦See Cynthia Bryant, op cit.

然而法庭请求验明被害者同居人之DNA资料是否会违反被害者同居人宪法修正案有关隐私权及不自证己罪之权利呢?在过去的十二年中,判决确定后以DNA证据证明无罪已超过一百个案件⑧。然而,由于各州法律之规定使得在被告于定罪后欲以DNA证明其无罪时增添困难,因为它降低了法庭判决确定之有效性、被告证明有罪之确定性及与判决确定有关之经济上关连⑨。惟此考量因素并不妨碍一被认定有罪者,利用更多司法资源从相同之证据中来主张其无罪。定罪后以DNA证据复查应是一种有效率之方式,因为随着DNA之技术持续有所进展,它可给予被定罪者一个机会以更多准确之检验去证明其无罪。所以,由于科技发展与公平性之基本考量,一个无罪者于判决确定后,应被允许使用 DNA证据以作为定罪后之救济。因此,基于救济被定罪而事实上为无罪之被告,法庭强制采取被害者同居人之DNA检体,并不会违反被害者同居人美国宪法第四修正案之身体有不受政府不合理的搜索与逮捕的权利;又法院强制采样化验被告DNA型别,并非强制被告做不利己之证述,应无违反美国宪法第五修正案不自证己罪的权利。 

⑧Eunyung Theresa Oh, Innocence after “Guilt”: Postconviction DNA Relief for Innocents Who Pled Guilty, 55 Syracuse Law Review 161(2004).

⑨See ibid.

二、United States v. Kincade案例

在United States v. Kincade案件中,第九巡回法院认为搜索假释犯之DNA是合宪的。Kincade案开启了最高法院可能违反宪法第四修正案之可能性,因为不仅可对重刑犯采集DNA,同时对其他一般假释犯亦可为之,第九巡回法院以一个广泛的合理性理由取代较狭义之特殊性需求,而创下了史无前例之案例。 回目次

事实摘要①

①See Kincade, 379 F. 3d at 816-821.

一九九三年七月二十日,Thomas Kincade持枪抢劫银行因而触犯了联邦刑罚,Thomas Kincade于狱中服刑七年有期徒刑后,获得三年之假释并付保护管束。二○○二年三月二十五日,当Thomas Kincade仍正处于交付保护管束期间,Thomas Kincade的假释执行官员依据《DNA分析延迟消弭法》,命令Thomas Kincade提供DNA样本以供检验,Thomas Kincade拒绝遵守假释执行官员指令,并向联邦地方法院挑战有关《DNA分析延迟消弭法》之合宪性。然而地方法院认为《DNA分析延迟消弭法》是合宪的,并且又因Thomas Kincade于交付保护管束期间毒品检测结果呈阳性反应,违反了其先前之交付保护管束处分规定,因此另判处Thomas Kincade四个月之监禁与两年之保护管束。 回目次

判决理由摘要

第九巡回法院三位法官组成之法庭因法官之间对于《DNA分析延迟消弭法》是否合宪产生异议,因而驳回地方法院的决议,三位法官中之Reinhardt法官认为《DNA分析延迟消弭法》于适用在假释犯时,将牴触宪法修正条文第四条,另外O’Scannlain法官对Reinhardt法官之意见提出异议。因此第九巡回法院另组成十一位法官重新听审Kincade之上诉案,十一位法官包括上述两位法官。部分法官以宪法第四修正案学说上之传统特殊目的架构(Traditional Special-Needs Framework)来分析该案,认为如果在没有法律之强制执行目的(Law Enforcement Purposes)下,且没有获得合理的搜索理由时,搜索是不可实行的。但第九巡回法院以更为宽广之总体情况(Totality-of-the- Circumstances Test)来分析《DNA分析延迟消弭法》与宪法第四修正案之牴触情形。第九巡回法院依据最高法院在United States v. Knights①案中对于缓刑中之犯人搜索及检测之合理性,选择采取广义之态度去解释《DNA分析延迟消弭法》适用在假释犯之情况。 回目次

①See 534 US 112 (2001)警方基于一般之理由而对缓刑中之犯人Knights家中进行搜索,最高法院认为此搜索并不牴触宪法美国宪法第四修正案。

关于搜索及检测之合理性,多数法官认为交付保护管束期间之假释犯,他们对隐私之合理期待应远低于一般大众,假释犯应受限于许多程序之束缚,而这些束缚若应用于一般社会大众则将会被认为是违宪的。另一方面而言,抽血并不被认为是极端侵入性之行为,而且法官认为抽血后所分析之DNA片段仅只是「垃圾」①DNA 片段,以作为个人人别之鉴定,并不涉及被采样人之基因型别,因此并不被认为严重侵犯个人基因隐私。一般而言,犯罪者与社会组织之间往往存有严重之脱节,由于犯罪者此种与社会严重之脱序行为,政府必须严密监督条件下之假释犯犯人之行为。换句话说,多数法官认为,即使在缺乏非法律之强制执行之「特殊目的」下,而以较宽广之「总体情况」为搜索理由对假释犯径行搜索,此种搜索理由仍然是符合美国宪法第四修正案。 Gould法官认同多数法官之意见,但他认为此案仍属于非法律之强制执行之「特殊目的」。 Gould法官认为此「特殊目的」将会阻吓假释犯之再犯罪,他认为即使假释犯于保护管束期间届满后,他们的DNA检体及资料不应被销毁,仍应被保留于资料库中以待日后未来案件之侦查。

①Harold L. Schwab, Is It Junk or Genuine? Precluding Unreliable Scientific Testimony in New York--A Look at the Last 10 Years in the Wake of Frye and Daubert, 76(9) New York State Bar Journal 10 (2004).

Reinhardt法官不同意上述法官之意见,他认为CODIS计画从原先之实验性计画扩增为涵盖各种犯罪者之刑事DNA资料库,任何可辨识之犯罪行为都将可能被纪录留档。目前美国许多州都已从原本仅强制采样性犯罪、重大暴力犯罪案件之被告或犯罪嫌疑人,扩增其刑事DNA资料库于所有被逮捕之犯罪者。因此,Reinhardt法官认为此种刑事DNA资料库之扩增趋势,将可能扩增于想获得驾照者、联邦护照、联邦工作,甚至可能扩增于想进入公立大学、中学或小学者,抑或是扩增于出生婴儿,基于多数法官之「总体情况」为搜索理由时,刑事DNA资料库将可能扩增于所有的国民。 Reinhardt法官更担心抽血后之检体原仅分析「垃圾」DNA片段,此类检体将可能被增益其用途,而被应用于诊断及预测疾病之用途。因此,Reinhardt法官不同意多数法官以「总体情况」为搜索理由,并认为政府将可能借法律执行之目的而实质侵犯人民之权利。

第九巡回法院采纳多数法官之见解,以较为广义之解释取代较狭义之特殊性需求,但此项判决并不受到人权团体之认同,因为列为须受DNA检测之名单,已超过特殊需求分析下所属之范围。其他巡回法院之判决将DNA检测之名单仅扩增至所有狱中之囚犯,但并未包含假释犯;另有些法院之判决将DNA检测之名单扩增至有限条件下之无合理怀疑之搜索,但仅有第九巡回法院以纯法律执行之目的扩增DNA检测之名单。第九巡回法院之判决解释扩增了上述两种情况下之DNA检测名单,Kincade一案将可能为美国进一步扩增刑事DNA资料库之试金石。 回目次

参、英国刑事DNA资料库之扩增

由于英国政府欲建立全世界首创之国家刑事鉴识DNA全自动化资料库,因此国会于一九九四年修订《英国警察暨刑事证据法1984》①第六十二条,原本警察仅可搜集采样重大暴力犯罪者(Serious Arrestable Offence)及其嫌疑犯之检体,而后扩大修订为所有列为登录之犯罪者(Recordable Offence)②及其嫌疑犯之检体。又国会同时将第六十五条有关亲密性检体及非亲密性检体之定义修订③,依据新法之规定,口腔搜索原被视为贴身(亲密)之搜索改为非贴身搜索,既然口腔搜索不再视为贴身搜索,则搜索口腔而获得之唾液抹片、口腔棉棒,将不再需要获得嫌疑人之同意而可因正当怀疑之理由而径行搜索,亦即警察可对嫌疑人进行口腔搜索而不需要获得同意,亦不需要详加解释,在此种情况下,警方所搜集之唾液、口腔棉棒、甚至是漱口水都可能搜集到DNA检体而进行DNA鉴定。上述修改之条款明显扩大英国员警采取检体之权力,因此英国政府成功地于一九九五年建立国家刑事DNA资料库。但自DNA资料库成立之后,由于实验室之人力不足,造成许多DNA检体之累积及延滞检验,不少嫌疑人在被排除为嫌疑犯之后,应该被销毁之检体却被错误地保留下来。根据《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条,嫌疑人在被排除为嫌疑犯之后,警察于搜证过程中搜集之所有检体必须销毁。但是由于警察销毁检体程序之错误,有不少嫌疑人之检体应该被销毁却被错误地保留下来,此错误保留下来之检体包括检体本身及检体检测出来的结果。其中这些案件最引起争议的为「R v. Attorney General’s Reference No.3 of 1999」,此案迫使英国国会重新审核「对于指纹及检体使用及销毁之限制」。及行乞者(反社会行为)已属列为登录之违法者,都将被逮捕并详细储存其指纹及 DNA资料于国家警察档案。 回目次

①此法案原文名称为The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE 1984)。

②「列为登录之犯罪者」乃是指被登录于国家警察档案之犯罪者,包括被法院判决确定服监之犯罪者以及根据2000年国家警察档案条例所特别规范之犯罪者。又自2003年12月1日起,违法兜揽乘客之计程车(无职业执照登记)

③生物性检体分为亲密性检体(intimate sample)及非亲密性检体(non-intimate sample),又可称为贴身检体或非贴身检体。旧法规定义亲密性检体,乃指(1)血液(2)精斑或其他组织液体(3)尿液(4)牙齿触压痕(5)耻毛或是自身体体腔所采取之棉棒检体。旧法规定义非亲密性检体,乃指(1)耻毛以外之毛发(2)自指甲或指甲下所采取之检体(3)身体体腔外所采取之棉棒检体(4)除了手掌纹以外,脚印或其他类似身体之印痕。

一、R. v Nathaniel①案例

①See R. v Nathaniel, (1995) 2 Cr. App. R. 565; The times, 6 April; Stephen Gilchrist, Crime Reporter. Solicitors Journal 444-445 (May 1995).

一九九二年二月Nathaniel被警察要求采取检体进行DNA鉴定,但是警方直至一九九三年一月才将Nathaniel的DNA鉴定结果输入电脑,当时 Nathaniel早已被排除怀疑而释放。然而当一九九三年一月,警方将Nathaniel DNA鉴定结果输入电脑时,发现Nathaniel之DNA鉴定结果与一九八九年另一强制性交案有显著关联性时,虽然Nathaniel检体应该被销毁,但英国警方却仍然以该检体结果将Nathaniel起诉。 Nathaniel控告警察违背法律上的义务,违背了《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条以及一九九八年《资料保护法》第五条,因此警察所引以为证据之 Nathaniel DNA鉴定结果应无证据能力,上诉法院同意Nathaniel之上诉理由,认为Nathaniel的DNA鉴定结果应无证据能力,该案地方法院之判决结果应重审。上诉法院认为Nathaniel被误导认为他被采取的检体及资料在他被释放后应已被销毁,但该检体却错误地仍留置在资料库,警察的这项行为已严重地违反了《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条。

二、R. v.Weir①案例

①See (2001) 2 Cr. App. R. 9.

一九九七年八月,Weir因警方怀疑其犯下毒品案件而被警察要求采取唾液检体进行DNA鉴定,被告于一九九七年十月被排除怀疑而释放。根据《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条,Weir当初被警察采取之检体应该被销毁,虽然英国警方确实销毁Weir之唾液检体,但英国警方却仍然将检体结果置放于资料库中供其他案件搜寻比对。一九九八年六月二十八日,一对夫妻遭受攻击,警方于现场采集到加害者之检体,此检体之DNA鉴定结果与资料库中之Weir的DNA鉴定结果吻合,基于上述 DNA鉴定结果相符之资讯下,英国警方于一九九八年六月四日重新逮补Weir。上诉法庭基于警察之未销毁Weir检体资料行为,已违反了《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第一款之规定,「例如指纹或检体因犯罪调查之必要而搜集,在该当事人已无该项嫌疑时,除了3A款项之情形外,该搜集得到之指纹及检体,应于该审判结束后立即销毁」,撤销Weir于原审有罪之判决。其他类似的案件,例如R. v. Kelt②一案,原为合法采集之检体,却违法保管而应用于其他目的亦应如同上述判决解释。

②See (1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 372.

三、R. v. Attorney General’s Reference No.3 of 1999③

③R. v. Attorney General’s Reference No. 3. See (2001) 1 Cr. App. R. 34.

一九九七年一月,英国一位六十六岁老妇人于一起窃盗案中遭强制性交及严重之身体攻击,警察从受害者阴道取得加害者之精斑抹片,一九九七年四月,警察将从加害者精斑抹片获得之DNA鉴定资料贮存于国家DNA资料库。嫌犯B(该案称嫌犯为B)因其他与此案不相关之窃盗案而遭警方逮捕,警方根据《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十三及六十五条,合法地采取B之非亲密性检体(唾液检体),而不需要获得B之同意,B因此窃盗案直至一九九八年八月才排除怀疑而释放,但其 DNA鉴定之结果仍然一直被留置于国家DNA资料库而没有销毁。

警察之未销毁B检体资料行为,已违反了《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第一款之规定。一九九八年十月,B没有被销毁之DNA鉴定结果与老妇人阴道取得加害者之精斑抹片DNA鉴定结果吻合,基于上述DNA鉴定结果相符之资讯下,警察决定重新逮捕B,并第二次合法采取B之非亲密性检体(头发),而没有获得 B 之同意。警方第二次采取检体之理由即是要证明B与该六十六岁老妇人遭强制性交案件之关联性,因此第二次采取之非亲密性检体(头发),仍属合法取得,而嫌疑犯与老妇人阴道之精斑抹片DNA鉴定结果,其相符对偶基因再现频率为一千七百万分之一,而由警方第二次采取之检体头发所获得之DNA证据,为起诉B强制性交老妇人之主要证据。刑事法院根据《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第3B款,认为证据资料来自于应被销毁之检体,则该资讯是不得引以为证据。虽然B之第一次采集之非亲密性检体为合法采集,但在B遭释放后,该采集之检体及其相关之纪录即应遭销毁,而不得持续用以为他案调查之工具。

第二次非亲密性检体之取得,乃是依据第一次应被销毁之检体资讯而来。因此刑事法院承审法官依据《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第3B(b)款拒绝将该唯一关键证据,由嫌疑犯头发所获得之DNA鉴定结果作为证据,亦即该项证物结果无证据能力,纵然其与妇人阴道采集之精斑抹片DNA鉴定结果相符,对偶基因再现频率为一千七百万分之一亦然。

检察总长提起「非常上诉」,认为《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第3B(b)款不应该被狭隘解释。假设DNA检体自A案中合法取得,纵然被告于随后获释,但来自A案采集之检体所获得之资讯显示该被告与B案之关联性极为显著时,难道法官没有自由裁量权允许以该证据起诉被告吗?而却必须限制于《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第3B(b)款之条款框架下。检察总长认为法官应有自由裁量权去允许一项应被销毁之检体,事后却应用于警方他案调查之权利。 

■「皇家刑事部门」建议文

上诉法院拒绝检察总长之非常上诉,而以一九九三年「皇家刑事部门」建议为理由驳回检察总长之非常上诉,该建议理由为修改《英国警察暨刑事证据法》部分条文而订定之《刑事司法与公共秩序法》。「无论如何,当被告已不在法庭诉讼程序中,则其检体及相关资讯仍留在资料库之唯一理由仅可作为统计之所需,该资讯不可用以协助其他案件之侦查犯罪,该检体资讯应被确保不被警察或检察官挪为他案之所需」①。上诉法院认为《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第3B(b)款必须与《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第3B(a)款紧密结合一起阅读,因此,法官并没有自由裁量权允许应当被销毁之检体,却继续应用为侦办其他案件之工具,因此得自该应被销毁检体之资料,不具证据能力。

①The recommendations in the report (Cmnd. 2263) of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice in 1993, at 15.

法官之自由裁量权

虽然上诉法院并没有允许法官以自由裁量权,将「应当被销毁之检体,却继续应用为侦办其他案件之工具」之权利,但上诉法院仍将检察总长之非常上诉案提请上议院决议,上议院接受检察总长之上诉理由,认为在一旦违反《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第六十四条第3B(b)款的情况下,法庭将允许拥有自由裁量权去决定该项来自不应允许调查证据之证据能力。上议院认为法官应该考量的不仅仅是被告的权利,仍然要考虑到公共利益以及受害者之处境及受害者家人对司法之期望。依据《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第七十八条,法庭应有自由裁量权去审酌非法取得之检体的证据能力。上议院认为固然被告之隐私权应当受到尊重及保护,但是刑法的目的乃是保护每个人的生命及财产不受威胁及迫害,基于保护全民之公共利益,对于严重之暴力犯罪,应当予以有效侦查及起诉,这才符合司法之公平与正义。上议院认为此案刑事法庭应以被告、受害者及其家人,全民之处境及利益为主要考量之基础,才能真正发挥刑法之功能及目的。

■纯理论性搜索(Speculative Searches)

由于上议院于R v B之决议,后续之相关类似案例之被告上诉案件都被法院驳回,二○○一年之《刑事正义及警察法》扩张对于警察必须销毁DNA检体及资料之限制。根据二○○一年之法案在原《英国警察暨刑事证据法》第63A(1A)条款处增加新条款(1C)(1D)为纯理论性搜索(Speculative Searches),所谓纯理论性搜索即在人民没有被怀疑为嫌疑人时,但经由受采样者书面之同意参与纯理论性搜索,则该自愿同意参与者所缴交之检体及结果,将会留存于国家DNA资料库用来提供警察日后侦办犯罪案件之交互比对,而自愿参与者先前所缴交之同意书不可撤销。二○○一年之法案第八十二条同意保留嫌疑人DNA检体及检体产生之资料以供日后侦办犯罪之纯理论性搜索,即使该人已经无罪释放了亦然。但英国仍然强调对人民隐私权之尊重,二○○一年之法案特别声明除了警察预防、侦办犯罪之情况下,或检察官调查及起诉之理由下,DNA检体经采取检验比对完成其采取之目的后,则此检体将不可再被其他人用于其他的目的。由此新修订之法案得知,嫌疑人及自愿参与纯理论搜索之人之DNA检体及其产生之资料都不再需要销毁,而可用于日后犯罪案件之侦办及调查,因此英国国家DNA资料库将会急速扩增。《英国警察暨刑事证据法》之一连串的修订,不仅扩增英国警察保留检体之权限,亦加快国家DNA资料库之搜集及处理之速度。 回目次

肆、各国刑事DNA资料库之建档差异

国家刑事DNA资料库之规模跟随着不同的国家立法制度而有很大的差异性,例如各国刑事DNA资料库档案来源基准、档案删除标准、资料库资料准许比对之标准皆不尽相同,不同的国家立法制度造成不同规模的资料库。自从英国刑事科学部在一九九五年成立国家刑事 DNA资料库,此资料库成为全世界首创之国家刑事鉴识DNA全自动化资料库①,主要是比对涉及刑事嫌疑犯或已定罪之人之刑事DNA型别与刑事现场所采取之迹证之比对,目前英国DNA采检对象为任何嫌疑犯、被起诉者、被定罪者、列为登录之犯罪者皆然。平均每个月以三万五千件人体采样新档案,三千个「犯罪现场痕迹DNA」新档案的速度持续增加中②。英国资料库每周经由资料库比对筛选出约一千个嫌疑犯,为目前全世界将刑事DNA资料库应用最为积极之国家。

①First national computerized DNA database in operation, Miscellaneous, CLB 1337-8 (October 1995).

②请参见英国刑事科学部(Forensic Science Service,FSS)于2004年11月发布之新闻稿。

美国于一九九四年制定《DNA鉴别法》后,正式成立国家刑事DNA资料库;但又因检验案件之延滞及累积,二○○○年后通过《DNA分析延迟消弭法》,授权美国联邦调查局依法使用该资料库。一九九七年奥地利、荷兰亦成功的设立国家刑事DNA资料库,一九九八年德国国家刑事DNA资料库也正式成立,但由于各个国家的法律制度不同,因此其刑事DNA资料库检测项目及范畴并不如英国刑事科学部设立之国家刑事DNA资料库广泛。一九九九年芬兰、挪威成立国家刑事 DNA 资料库,比利时、丹麦及瑞士亦跟随此潮流而于二○○○年立法拟设立国家刑事DNA资料库。

究竟何种被认定犯法行为应被强迫采集DNA检体及其相关资料于国家刑事DNA资料库?以美国为例,依据《DNA分析延迟消弭法》,美国准许联邦调查局去搜集联邦所列举之各项犯罪、监禁者、假释、缓刑、交付保护管束者等之DNA样本。然而德国却必须经由法官审查后认定之特殊列名犯罪者,瑞典则为犯两年以上刑罚之定罪者,英国为所有列为登录之犯罪案件者,挪威为经由法院判决确定为犯严重罪行者,比利时为经由法院判决确定之犯罪者,荷兰为犯八年以上有期徒刑者,否则仅可检测自愿者之检体,法国为特殊列名之犯行。又究竟何种犯罪嫌疑犯应被强迫采集DNA检体及其相关资料于国家刑事DNA资料库进行比对?英国、奥地利、斯洛维尼亚采集任何可能触犯「列为登录之犯罪案件」嫌疑犯及被逮捕者。德国、芬兰、丹麦、瑞士、匈牙利、法国则仅采样犯严重罪行或性侵害者之嫌疑犯及被逮捕者,一般而言,基本上都必须属于一年以上之有期徒刑。我国去氧核糖核酸采样条例第五条之规定,对于性侵害加害人、性犯罪、重大暴力犯罪案件之被告或犯罪嫌疑人依法强制采样,建立其DNA资料库。

犯行定罪者或嫌疑犯之检体及资料何时可自国家刑事DNA资料库中删除?(1)对于定罪者之相关检体及资料,英国、奥地利、芬兰、挪威永不删除定罪者DNA相关资料,比利时、丹麦、德国、匈牙利、荷兰、瑞士、瑞典、斯洛维尼亚则可于五年至二十年后,DNA相关资料从国家刑事DNA资料库中删除。依据我国去氧核糖核酸采样条例第十二条第一项规定,接受采样之人,去氧核糖核酸样本至少应保存十年、纪录至少应保存至被采样人死亡后十年。(2)对于嫌疑犯之相关资料,大部分国家在排除嫌疑犯或嫌疑犯遭无罪释放后,则自行将嫌疑犯之相关检体及资料从国家刑事DNA资料库中删除。唯有英国,即使嫌疑犯在排除嫌疑或遭无罪释放后,他们的检体资料仍然被保留于国家刑事DNA资料库中。我国亦然,依据我国去氧核糖核酸采样条例第十二条第二项规定,依本条例接受采样之人,受不起诉处分或经法院无罪判决确定者,得检具确定证明文件及第八条第一项之证明书,申请主管机关删除其去氧核糖核酸样本及纪录,但假若受不起诉处分或经法院无罪判决确定者未主动申请删除,则他们的检体资料将被保留于国家刑事DNA资料库。美国对于刑事DNA资料库中检体及资料删除之规定,则依各州立法之不同而有差异。

对于具关联性检体(Reference Sample)之留置,有些国家保留检体以备将来科技进步时,可能经再检验而发现原先之错误,例如英国、奥地利、芬兰、丹麦、匈牙利、瑞士、斯洛维尼亚等国;有些国家于DNA检测后销毁关联性检体,以防止政府利用该类检体进行不适当或违法之检测,例如比利时、德国、荷兰、挪威①。

①上述有关欧洲国家之国家DNA刑事资料库数据,主要根据2003年 Christopher H. Aspen在ISRCL会议发表之各国刑事DNA资料库报告。请参见Christopher H. Asplen, International Respectives on Forensic DNA Databases,ISRCL Conference, the Hague (August 24-28 2004)。

有关于国家刑事DNA资料库之相关法律随时都可能改变,一旦政府发现新资料之加入有助于国家维持治安、打击犯罪,政府则会不遗余力修订法规扩增国家刑事DNA资料库之范畴① 。例如加拿大警方每五个月经由资料库比对可平均筛选出三百五十九个嫌疑犯之DNA型别与犯罪现场痕迹DNA型别相符②;美国维吉尼亚州每个月约可经由资料库比对解决三十个警方查不到嫌疑犯之案子,美国佛罗里达州于过去两年内经由资料库比对解决了约一千个警方查不到嫌疑犯之案子③,这些令警方兴奋之办案绩效都可能令该国政府修订法规扩增国家刑事DNA资料库之范畴。

①See Martin Kreickenbaum, Germany: expansion of DNA testing-a step towards genetic registration (2005), available at http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/feb2005/dna-f24.shtml (last visited on 01 May 2005 ).

②Ibid.

③Ibid.

自从一九九五年英国开始发展国家刑事DNA资料库后,许多国家跟随英国脚步而验证了经由刑事DNA资料库之高科技智慧型办案之「办案魔力」。德国联邦刑事局利用国家刑事DNA资料库检阅过去一些一直无法突破的案子,二、三十年前的老悬案,也因为DNA资料库的比对而在最近找出嫌犯。有感于这套制度之威力,德国内政专家威佛斯匹兹建议德国应继续追寻英国政府的脚步,只要在警局有过档案收录的人,都应该被搜集DNA检体且列入档案以备对未来犯罪之咨询①。我国于一九九七年发生白晓燕命案后,调查局奉法务部命令正式成立DNA资料库,针对全部暴力犯罪人犯抽取DNA分析建档。法务部根据监狱行刑法第十一条及第五十一条规定,对暴力犯罪的受刑人进行「健康检查」,但实际上却是建立受刑人DNA档案,以促进科技办案的能力,由于当时去氧核糖核酸采样条例尚未制定,法务部以「健康检查」之名,却采取暴力犯罪者DNA分析建档,引起人权团体之跶阀②。因此我国国家级刑事DNA档案资料库之正式成立,乃是于民国八十八年二月去氧核糖核酸采样条例制定,八十九年二月施行,内政部警政署刑事警察局再依性侵害犯罪防治法及去氧核糖核酸采样条例之规定建立,对于性侵害加害人、性犯罪、重大暴力犯罪案件之被告或犯罪嫌疑人依法强制采样,建立其DNA资料库。前法务部部长陈定南曾于任内主张身分证及护照上应有持有人的左右拇指指纹,以预防犯罪,防止身分证件遭他人冒用③;亦曾于任内嘱托相关机关研拟全民DNA资料建档之可能,但无论是全民指纹建档或是DNA资料建档,由于皆涉及到庞大的经费预算及人权团体之杯葛,因此目前我国去氧核糖核酸资料库范围并未扩张。本文以目前英国及美国现行刑事DNA资料库扩增的情形及立法趋势,探讨究竟过分扩张刑事DNA资料库,是否会违反人民对个人敏感资料之合理期待权。 回目次

①Ibid,另请参见自由时报新闻网2003年8月6日发布之新闻稿,神奇DNA破案之钥,取自http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2003/new/aug/6/today-world1.htm.

②台湾人权促进会,1997年台湾人权报告。详见台湾人权促进会网址http://www.tahr.org.tw。

③请参见联合新闻网2002年8月21日发布之多项新闻稿,例如身分证与指纹脱钩,政策不变;旧议题穿新衣,人民疑惧未消。取自 http://www.udnews.com.tw/news/focusnews/focus。根据民国八十六年五月二十一日修正之户籍法第8条规定,「人民年满十四岁者,应请领国民身分证;未满十四岁者,得申请发给。依前项请领国民身分证,应捺指纹并录存。但未满十四岁请领者,不予捺指纹,俟年满十四岁时,应补捺指纹并录存。请领国民身分证,不依前项规定捺指纹者,不予发给。」然而,94年6月10日司法院大法官释字第599号解释,暂停全面换发新式国民身分证作业,94年9月28日司法院释字第603号解释,对于户籍法第8条第2项、第3项请领国民身分证须捺录指纹并录存之规定作出违宪解释,又「就「防止冒领国民身分证」之目的言,主管机关未曾提出冒领身分证之确切统计数据,是无从评估因此防范冒领所获得之潜在公共利益与实际效果。且此次换发国民身分证,户政机关势必藉由人民指纹资料之外之其他户籍资料交叉比对,并仰赖其他可靠之证明,以确认按捺指纹者之身分。则以现有指纹资料以外之资讯,既能正确辨识人民之身分,指纹资料之搜集与「防止冒领国民身分证」之目的间,并无密切关联性。」该号解释虽针对请领国民身分证须捺录指纹并录存之规定,但强调「国家基于特定重大公益之目的,而有大规模搜集、录存人民指纹,并有建立资料库储存之必要者,应以法律明定其搜集之目的,其搜集之范围与方式且应与重大公益目的之达成,具有密切之必要性与关联性,并应明文禁止法定目的外之使用。主管机关尤应配合当代科技发展,运用足以确保资讯正确及安全之方式为之,并对所搜集之指纹档案采取组织上与程序上必要之防护措施,以符宪法保障人民资讯隐私权之本旨。」,因此释字第603号解释亦对于DNA资料库建档的法制具有重要的参考价值。

伍、合理的隐私权期待

「日新月异的资讯科技与生物科技,一方面固然带给了我们相当的便利,对文明的进步与知识的提升,人类的生命与健康,均有绝大的助益;但另一方面,也提供了侵犯个人隐私的利器」①。Graeme Laurie于「基因之隐私」②一书中,开宗明义的阐释基因年代对隐私权之隐忧,呼吁人们应审慎应用基因科技以杜绝科技对隐私权之无形伤害。一般而言,隐私权是一种可以分辨个人与他人之间不同之一种状况权利,由于每个人之不同身体特征、生活方式及健康情形等,隐私权被视为是个人私密而无需由大众公开分享之权利。 Laurie氏认为隐私权分为空间上的隐私(Spatial Privacy)及资讯上的隐私(Informational Privacy)③,所谓空间上的隐私乃是指个人身体及心理应保有之私密空间,例如不受人偷窥及打扰;而资讯上的隐私乃是指个人之资讯在未取得个人同意之下,应不得撷取及公开,例如个人电话号码、地址、信用贷款等资讯。德国联邦宪法法院于一九八三年的所谓「人口普查法」判决中对于「资讯自己决定权(资讯自决权)」之宣示,该判决认为,「在现代化资料处理的状况下,基本法第一条第一项和第二条第一项的一般人格权包括了个人保护其本人资料不受无限制地搜集、储存、利用以及提供,在此限度内,就有关个人自己资讯之放弃或利用,基本权原则上保障个人自我决定的权利。而只有存在更优位的公共利益考量时,才允许限制资讯自决权。且此限制必须有合乎宪法的法律基础,而这个法律基础必须符合所谓规范明确性之法治国家的要求。立法者立法规范时亦应遵守比例原则,且为防止人格权被侵害的危险,必须研拟组织上及程序上之安全对策」④。由于后基因体年代之到来,无论是空间上的隐私抑或是资讯上的隐私,都可能遭受侵害而不自觉⑤。以DNA资料库检体之取得方式而言,无论是采集血液抑或是毛发,都已是对身体完整性(Body Integrity)之侵犯,而采集后之检体经分析而得到的DNA资讯,亦属于个人基因资讯之隐私,但各国政府却藉由公共利益之考量,不断地将该等私密资讯存放于国家刑事DNA资料库,等待一次又一次的纯理论性比对,因此刑事DNA资料库范围之扩建常被非难为侵害涉案当事人人格权。然而Wagner氏却认为此种指责是不成立的,DNA鉴定乃是有效达成刑事犯罪调查的一种高技术鉴定方法,该方法具有一次性与不被混淆的可能性⑥,但德国绿党法律专家蒙塔葛就认为过度扩张刑事DNA资料库的搜集贮存已经对私人隐私构成侵犯,使用DNA资料库也必须有一个限度⑦。 回目次

①林子仪,资讯与生物科技时代的隐私权难题,收录于隐私的权利中文译本之专文推荐。隐私的权利一书,原文为爱伦・爱德曼及卡洛琳・甘迺迪着,吴懿婷译,隐私的权利,商周出版,2001年。

②Graeme Laurie, Genetic Privacy-A Challenge to Medical-Legal Norms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

③Ibid, at 6.

④判决译文详见,西德联邦宪法法院裁判选辑(一),司法周刊社印行,1990年10月,页228以下。又司法院大法官释字第603解释,亦采相同见解。

⑤George J. Annas, Privacy Rules for DNA Databanks. Protecting Coded 'Future Diaries', 17 JAMA 2346-50 (1993); George J. Annas, Protecting Genetic Privacy,30 Trial 43 (1994); George J. Annas, Rules For Gene Banks: Protesting Privacy in the Genetic Age, In Murphy, TF (eds) Justice and the Human Genome Project.(California: University of California Press 1994); George J. Annas/LH Glantz/P. Roche, The Genetic Privacy Act and Commentary. Health Law Department. (Boston: University School Health, 1995).

⑥Christean Wagner: Effektive Strafverfolgung durch DNA-Kartei für alle Straftaten, ZRP 2004, S. 15.

⑦同前注①.

一、空间上的隐私保护

究竟应如何减缩对人民应有之隐私权之侵犯?假若为执行公共利益而不得不采样时,亦必须顾及被采样人之身体及名誉,由于DNA资料的取得方式会对个人身体自由及健康造成侵害,且DNA鉴定足以显示个人医疗、疾病情况,甚至是遗传资讯,DNA证据之取得程序、方式及方法,应遵守法律对被告及犯罪嫌疑人身体权及隐私权之保障。因此针对空间上的隐私而言,本文认为DNA检体之取得程序、方式应以非亲密性检体为优先原则,唾液检体之采样应可被视为较无侵犯性之搜索①。依据英国《警察暨刑事证据法》之一般规定,采取血液样本属侵入身体内部的手段,属于贴身搜索,侵害强度最大;采取唾液样本虽亦属进入身体内部取得体液的手段,但是一九九四年英国制定之《刑事司法与公共秩序法》已不再将口腔视为贴身搜索,因此自口腔取得之检体不再视为亲密性检体,对被采样人之健康及隐私较无不利,侵害强度较小;而采取毛发样本则非属侵入身体内部的手段,对被采样人之隐私较无侵犯,事实上英国警察也可采取自嫌疑人除了耻毛以外剪下来或拔下来的毛发获得之非亲密性检体,进行DNA鉴定,因此采取毛发方式应被认为属于三种采样方式侵害强度最轻之一种②。因此本文认为,为执行公共利益而不得不采样时,应顾及被采样人之身体及名誉,首先应采取侵害强度较小之非亲密性DNA检体,例如口腔唾液样本亦或是毛发检体,假若检体量确实不足而无法完成应有之DNA检测程序时,才可进一步采取亲密性DNA检体,例如血液检体,但对于亲密性检体之采取应获得被采样人之同意,以保障被采样人之空间上的隐私。

①唐淑美、李介民,我国司法实务有关DNA鉴定对刑事犯罪认定有效性之分析,东海法学研究第21期,2004年12月,页43-98。

②高一书,去氧核糖核酸采样条例之评析,律师杂志第255期,2000年12月15日,页124。

二、资讯上的隐私保护

政府强制采取人民之DNA检体应基于合理怀疑及公共利益而执行DNA采样,才不至于侵犯人民合理的隐私权。以本文之美国Commonwealth v. Reese一案为例,假若法庭基于被判决有罪之人之合理主张以排除其罪嫌时,本文认为法庭强制采取被害者同居人之非亲密性DNA检体,并不会违反被害者同居人之美国宪法第四及第五修正案保障之权利。但假若法庭强制采取被害者同居人之DNA检体后,经比对完成该申请人之合理主张,却将被害者同居人之DNA检体资料储存于国家刑事DNA资料库时,则可能违反被害者同居人之美国宪法第五修正案保障之权利。检察机关可能因此发现被害者同居人与其他案件相关联而使被害者同居人自证其罪,但假若检察机关于采取被害者同居人之非亲密性DNA检体与被害者阴道DNA检体比对结束后,随即将被害者同居人之DNA检体与纪录销毁,如此既可维护「可能遭误判者」之权利,亦不致侵犯被害者同居人美国宪法第四及第五修正案保障之权利。而Kincade一案,第九巡回法院采纳多数法官之见解,以较为广义之解释取代较狭义之特殊性需求,造成列为须受DNA检测之名单,已超过特殊需求分析下所属之范围。诚如Reinhardt法官认为此种刑事DNA资料库之扩增趋势,基于「总体情况」为搜索理由时,将可能迫使刑事DNA资料库扩增于所有的国民。「特殊目的」是极为困难达成,目前美国最高法院对特殊目的之要求极为严格,「总体情况」相对于「特殊目的」则将不受限于美国宪法第四修正案之判例。在「总体情况」之要求下,「隐私权期待之减低」结合「法律执行之目的」将会认为DNA检测之扩增是合法的。此种解释理由是危险并且政府将可能借法律执行之目的而实质侵犯人民应有之合理隐私期待权利。

英国由于上议院于R v B之决定,基于在民主社会中,为了国家安全、公共利益、预防社会不安及犯罪之发生为前提,《刑事正义及警察法》增加新条款(1C)(1D)为纯理论性搜索,纯理论性搜索扩张对于警察必须销毁DNA检体及资料之限制,但该法仍然强调为了保护被采样者之隐私权,因此除了犯罪预防、侦查之情况下,或检察官调查及起诉之理由下,DNA检体将不可再被其他人用于其他的目的。目前欧盟国家对于嫌疑犯之相关检体及资料,大部分国家在排除嫌疑犯或嫌疑犯遭无罪释放后,则自行将嫌疑犯之相关检体及资料从国家刑事DNA资料库中删除。唯有英国,即使在嫌疑犯排除嫌疑或遭无罪释放后,他们的检体资料仍然被保留于国家刑事DNA资料库中。英国政府依照《警察暨刑事证据法》,虽以合乎尊严之方式采集人民之DNA检体,但由于英国政府有效利用资讯科技与生物科技之结合,可预测在不久的将来,英国将全面完成全民DNA建档,人们逐渐丧失隐私而不自觉,直到有一日人民将发现他们的一举一动都被「老大哥监控着」①,全民国家刑事DNA资料库就如同无所不在的生物监控器,他监控着犯罪,却也隐然的侵犯到个人应拥有一块不受他人干预之基因资讯隐私权领域,更遑论一旦政府误验个人DNA型别,抑或个人检体遭他人取得而留于刑案现场②。「就人类知识的局限而言,DNA的问题等于是一种浑沌,而如今我们的工作好像是将知识穿射过浑沌,发觉其中的复杂性(复杂的秩序)。但是换个角度而言,或许我们是将浑沌缩减成复杂系统,亦即利用科学的力量,硬将深度浑沌的部分切割开来,然后人工地设定出可以预测的生物秩序,一个人工的秩序。③」,政府在长期藉由「纯理论性搜索而逐渐扩增之全民国家DNA资料库」办案,失去原本对其他关联证物搜证之能力,一旦误用DNA资料④,人民在面对DNA科学证据之强大威力之下,又如何能期盼法院真能厘清真相。

①请参见邱素慧译,George Orwell于1949年着之预言式小说,一九八四,桂冠丛书,1984年。

②例如早晨刷牙漱口后,DNA检体将可滞留于牙刷上;梳头发后,DNA检体可于发刷上发现;性行为后,配偶身上、卫生纸或床单上可采集到DNA检体;不慎流血时或月经来潮时,DNA检体更可能散布于许多地方;一旦遭到他人故意取得而设陷,人民在面对DNA科学证据威力之下,真相可能不易厘清。

③李茂生,基因科技与犯罪侦防-自然科学的发现及其社会意义,发表于基因科技之法律管制体系与社会冲击研究研讨会,2001年。

④DNA鉴定在欧美曾遭学者极严厉之批评,相关文章请参见C. Anderson, DNA Fingerprinting Discord, 354 Nature 500 (1991); A. Anderson, DNA Fingerprinting on Trial, 342 Nature 844 (1989); D. J. Balding/P. Donnelly, The Prosecutor’s Fallacy and DNA Evidence, Crim. L. R.711-721 (1994); W. Brown, Doubts Over DNA Evidence ‘Exaggerated’, 137 New Scientist 6 (January 1993); J. A. Coutts, Reliability of DNA Evidence, 59 (4) Journal of Criminal Law 354-56 (1995); D. Farrington, Unacceptable Evidence, New Law Journal 806-808; 857-862 (June 1993); D. Goldman; J. Long, More on DNA Typing Dispute [letter; comment], 373(6510) Nature 99 (1995); E. S. Lander, & B.Budowle, DNA Fingerprinting Dispute Laid to Rest, 371 Nature 735-738 (1994);E. S. Lander, DNA Fingerprinting on Trial, 339 Nature 501 (1989).

陆、结论

毫无疑问的在DNA刑事分析技术来临之后,此项技术彻底改革了科学研究与司法审判系统,但也许这项变革太过迅速,如何在维护人民应有之权利前提下,对于起诉犯罪与被控犯罪者间取得适度之平衡,法律制度对此应有所界定。去氧核糖核酸资料库对于「刑事累犯」及性侵害犯者而言是最大的梦靥,因为警察在国家DNA资料库已经建立足以辨识个人之特异化DNA档案,只要一经搜寻、比对,很容易就可以找出嫌疑犯来。刑事DNA资料库建立改变了传统刑事科学侦查方式,仅藉由不断的纯理论性搜索,扩张资料库之范畴,即可达到控制犯罪的目的。因此,目前许多国家为维护治安以及公共秩序,无不积极希望扩大使用去氧核糖核酸资料库,以求彻底打击犯罪。除此之外,由于刑事DNA资料库建立之范围扩张,使得在保护社会利益与个人自由间产生冲突,因此随着时间之经过,其相关之法制亦应有所规范。

美国现今只要某一州获得法院之认可,而可扩大其DNA资料库之搜集范围,其他州很快就会跟进,像是纽约州即跟随着维吉尼亚州建立有关所有犯罪者之DNA样本。盖由于性犯罪者之高度累犯率及具有暴力之天性,美国DNA整合索引系统在DNA资料库建立初始,仅记载性犯罪者之基因认证资料,然而,其后不久,许多州开始增加他们所建立的资料库的资料范围,而将非暴力之犯罪者亦包括其中,州政府为求解决过去及未来可能之犯罪,甚过于犯罪者隐私权之保护,合理化它们扩建DNA资料库范围之行为。另以英国为例,英国由于上议院于R v B之决定,二○○一年之《刑事正义及警察法》扩张对于警察必须销毁DNA检体及资料之限制,增加新条款(1C)(1D)为纯理论性搜索。基于在民主社会中,为了国家安全、公共利益、预防社会不安及犯罪之发生为前提,英国《警察暨刑事证据法》之一连串的修订,不仅扩增英国警察保留检体之权限,亦加快国家DNA资料库之搜集及处理之速度。到目前为止,对于DNA分析建档,虽然欧洲许多国家仍设限于重大暴力犯罪及性侵害者之DNA资料库,但以德国内政部长欧投西利为例,他宣布支持联邦刑事局继续扩大犯罪者DNA资料库的搜集贮存,以利刑事办案,因此可以预测,未来甚至在整个欧盟层面,都将可能建立一套欧盟去氧核糖核酸资料库的采样规则,以预防刑事犯在目前已经松绑的欧洲国界里「到处流窜」。

本文认为,为取得人民的完全信赖,刑事追诉机关对于利用DNA资料库内之DNA资料,应建立确保基本权利的程序要件。人民在刑事诉讼程序下所拥有的公民权利及责任应被保护,在民主社会中,为了国家安全、公共利益、预防社会不安及犯罪之发生,法庭关于DNA资料库内之DNA纪录取得的证据能力,应有自由裁量权之行使。法庭应赋予法官在不同情况的自由裁量权,可排除某些合法取得之自由证据或应抛弃之DNA纪录,以保障司法之正义。刑事DNA资料库建立之目的不仅在于解决过去、现在之犯罪,其最终之目的为解决未来之犯罪。同时执法机关更可借此抑制犯罪之发生,盖其认为如果犯罪者知道他们的DNA资料已被建立于资料库中,则其在为犯罪行为前会加以考量,否则将易于被捕。许多支持建立DNA资料库者相信资料库的建立有助于警察逮捕犯罪者,同时防止累犯之发生,而且亦可用来降低执法机关之错误,及促进警察破案之效率。然而,本文认为法庭与刑事警察目前过度依赖DNA科学证据,可能低估人性弱点之危险,毕竟人类犯罪与社会环境之不适应乃息息相关,政府利用DNA建档虽可一时吓止累犯之发生,但对于犯罪原因、手法仍无从解决,却反而牺牲了其他人对其DNA应有之合理隐私权期待。【回目次】

2004年1月1日星期四

沙巴及砂拉越《独立二十条款》全文

《二十条契约》(The Twenty Points)

《二十条契约》于1963年,由北婆罗州(现沙巴)、砂劳越、马来亚联合邦(包括星加坡)组成马来西亚联邦时签定。鉴于北婆罗州与砂劳越的环境与人文结构与半岛有相当大的差距,此契约旨在保护北婆罗州与砂劳越在各领域的自治利益和权益。现原文已无保留,二十条契约的内容已分别载入《马来西亚联邦宪法》。详文如下:

第一条:宗教
在联邦宪法下,回教是联邦的官方宗教,但相同条款不适用与沙巴和砂劳越。这两州不应该被制定有
任何官方宗教。

第二条:语言
(a)在联邦宪法下,马来语(Bahasa Melayu)是为联邦的官方语言,
(b)在《马来西亚日》开始的10年内,英语必须被继续使用,
(c)英语也应该被列为沙巴和砂劳越的官方语言,对各州和中央政府沟通时可在无时间限制下使用英文。

第三条:宪法
马来西亚联邦宪法应建立在马来亚宪法的基础上,并在制定时获得各州的同意。与此同时,沙巴和砂
劳越的宪法也应被受重视。

第四条:联邦最高元首
沙巴和砂劳越无权角逐联邦最高元首一职。

第五条:国家的正式名称
应称为马来西亚(Malaysia)而不是马拉尤联邦(Melayu Raya)。

第六条:移民权
应与中央联合管理,但中央政府对沙巴和砂劳越的一切移民事务应先得到沙巴和砂劳越州政府的首肯。沙巴和砂劳越在入境与出境事务中有保留权。

第七条:王位继承权
沙巴和砂劳越都无权。

第八条:婆罗州化
联邦应加速沙巴和砂劳越公共服务系统的本土化。

第九条:英国官员
可担任沙巴和砂劳越原来的职务至到符合资格的新人上任为止。

第十条:公民权
凡是独立后在沙巴或砂劳越出生的婴儿应自动取得联邦公民权。

第十一条:税务与财务
沙巴和砂劳越有经营与控制自身之财务、发展基金和税务的权力。

第十二条:土著特权
沙巴和砂劳越的土著应享有与马来亚之马来人一样的特权,但沙巴和砂劳越不必完全跟随马来亚所设
定针对特权之方案。

第十三条:州政府
(a)首席部长应由州立法院之非官方代表选出;
(b)沙巴和砂劳越应采用类似联邦政府的部长制(Ministerial System),而不是州政治委员制(EXCO)

第十四条:过渡时期
在加入马来西亚的七年过渡期内(不一定得是加入马来西亚的头七年,也可是其他重大事件),沙巴和砂劳越之立法权力将由州宪法赋予,联邦政府暂无权力插手。

第十五条:教育原本的教育制度应获得保留。州教育事务应全权由州政府行使。

第十六条:宪法维护
未经过沙巴和砂劳越州政府的同意,中央政府无权修改或撤消联邦宪法内保护州人民与政府的条款。

第十七条:联邦国会代表权
在划分选区时应考滤沙巴和砂劳越州之人口分布与发展潜能。

第十八条:州首长
应命为Yang Di-Pertua Negeri。

第十九条:州名
应命为Sabah / Sarawak

第二十条:土地、森林与地方政府
联邦宪法赋予国家土地局与地方政府委员会的管理权将只局限在马来亚。沙巴和砂劳越州将在州宪法下管理本身的土地、森林与地方政府的事务。

Pendahuluan

Penubuhan Malaysia yang dikemukakan oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman pada 27 Mei 1961 dalam satu majlis jamuan yang diadakan oleh Persatuan Wartawan-wartawan Luar Negeri Asia Tenggara di Singapura telah dapat dilaksanakan pada 16 September 1963. Persekutuan ini terdiri daripada 11 buah negeri di Tanah Melayu, dua buah negeri Boneo iaitu Sabah dan Sarawak.

Penubuhan Malaysia adalah melalui Perjanjian Malaysia yang diadakan antara negeri-negeri tersebut dan menggabungkan pelbagai dokumen termasuk Rang Undang-Undang Malaysia iaitu Akta Malaysia 1963. Gabungan dokumen ini termasuklah syarat-syarat penyertaan dan peraturan perlembagaan terhadap Sabah dan Sarawak iaitu syarat 20 Perkara yang dirujuk untuk membentuk Malaysia. Perjanjian Malaysia juga tertakluk kepada kemahuan negeri-negeri ini bagi membentuk Malaysia yang dianggap sebagai satu gabungan rakan-rakan kongsi yang bersatu padu untuk membentuk sebuah negara baru dengan ciri-ciri masing-masing. Namun begitu, sebelum pembentukan Malaysia, satu siri perbincangan dan penyiasatan telah diadakan di antara bulan Mei 1961 dengan tarikh penubuhan Malaysia berhubung denagn syarat-yarat yang sesuia untuk persekutuan bagi enjamin kepentinagan negeri-neger Melayu termasuk Sbah, Sarawak yang pertma kali bergabuing dengan Malatsia.

Peringkat awal perkara telah dibincangkan oleh para pemimin dari lima buah negeri iaitu Tanah Melayu, Singapura, Borneo Utara, Sarawak dan Brunei dalam Mesyuarat Persatua Parlimen Komanwel Serantau yang diadakan di Singapura pada bulam Julai 1961. Ekoran daripad mesyuarat ini, pada bulan Febuari 1962, sebuah Jawatankuasa Perunding Perpaduan Malaysia (MSCC) telah mengeluarkan sebuah memorandum yang menyokong Malaysia dan memperlihatkan beberpa syarat am untuk Persekutuan. sebuah suruhanjaya penyiasatan juga telah dibentuk pada Januari 1962 iaitu Suruhanjaya Cobbold berikutan lawatan Tunku Abd. Rahman ke London pada bulan Oktober 1961. Suruhanjaya ini dipengerusikan oleh Lord Cobbld iaitu bekas Gebenor Bank England. Sementara ahli-ahlinya terdiri daripada Dato Wong Pow Nee dan Mohd Ghazali Shafie yang dilantik oleh kerajaan Tanah Melayu dan Antony Abell serta Watherston bai mewakili kerajaan British. Tujuan penubuhan suruhanjaya iniadalah untuk meninjau pendapar penduduk Sabah dan Sarawak tentag gagasan Malaysia. Hasil daripada tugas yang dijalankan ini didapati lebih kurang 80% penduduk Sabah dan Sarawk menyokong penubuhan Malaysia iaitu kebanyakan terdiri daripada Bumiputera dan 20% menenteng. Laporan ini diperolehi setelah suruhanjaya ini menerima tidak kurang dari 2200 pucuk surat dan memorandum daripada parti-pati politik, ahli-ahli mesyuarat kerajaan dan undangan, pembesar-pembesar, anak-anak negeri dan pemimpin kaum, lembaa bandaran, majlis bandaran, pemimpin-pemimpin agama, kesauan sekerja dan sebilangan besar orang ramai.Suruhanjaya Cobbold telah mengsyorkan supaya Perlembagaan Tanh Melayu yang ada dijadikan asa bagi membentuk perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia yang baru. Namun, beberapa pindaan perlu digubal untuk disesuaikan denga kemasukan negeri-negeri baru ke dalam Persekutuan. sehuibungan itu, jaminan-jaminan mustahak perlu dibuat bagi memastikan kepentingan khas negeri-ngeri Borneo terjamin. Oleh itu, negeri
Sabah dan Sarawak diminta menyediakan laporan mereka untuk meyertai Malysia. Laporan ini dikaji oleh satu jawatankuasa yang diwakili oleh kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, Britain, Sabah dan Sarawak. Maka terbentuknya satu jawatankuasa yang dikenali
sebagaijawtankuasa Antara-Kerajaan atau Inter-Governmental Ccommittee pada bulan Ogos
yang diberi tugas untuk:

Menyusun perlembagaan Persekutuan yang baru dan perlindungan khas untuk
Borneo Utara dan Sarawak. Jawatankuasa ini dipegerusikan oleh Lord Landsdowne dan
timbalanya ialah Tun Abdul Razak. Anggota lain terdiri daripada Donald Stephen, Abang
Haji Mustaffa, Temenggung Jugah, seorang wakil Britain dan seorang wakil Persekutuan
Tanah Melayu. Sebanyak lima buah jawatankuasa kecil berkenaan hal-hal perlembagaan, kewangan, undang-undang, perkhidmatan awam, dan membentuk kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia diwujudkan untuk mempertimbangkan hal ini. Sementara Sabah dan Sarawak mula menkaji untuk membuat beberapa tuntutan yang munasabah untuk menjaga kepentingan mereka sebagai Bumiputera sebelum memasuki Malaysia. Tuntutan ini dikenali sebagi 20 Perkara Sabah dan ia merupakan syarat-ayarat Borneo Utara memesuki Malaysia. Kebanyakan syarat-syarat ini diterima oleh IGC dan telah dimasukkan di dalam Perjanjian Malaysia.

TUNTUTAN 20 PERKARA SABAH DAN KEPENTINGAN KEPADA SABAH DAN SARAWAK.

Tuntutan 20 Perkara Sabah merupakan memorandum MSCC yang diusulkan oleh USNO, UNKO United Parti, Demokratik Parti dan United Pasok Momogun Organisation dan isinya adalah soal perlindunagan dan syarat-syarat Borneo Utara dan Sarawak menyertai Malaysia terutama dalam hal-hal kebebasan agama, bahasa-bahasa lain (selain Melayu), migrasi dan kepentingan-kepentingan Bumiputeranya. Hal ini, sememangnya disedati oleh pihak Tanah Melayu dan ternyata dalam sikap toleransi Tun Abd. Razak ketika memberi ucapan pada Akhir mesyuarat persediaan di Jesselton di antara katanya:
We have heard views of the people of North and Sarawak and we will now work out safeguards to bring about Malaysia.

berikut ini dihuraikan satu per satu 20 perkara tuntutan Sabah dan konsensi yang diperolehi oleh penduduk Sabah dan Srawak serta kepentingan yang diperolehi oleh kedua-dua negeri ini ekoran tuntutan tersebut.

Perkara satu - Agama
Di dalam tuntutan 20 pekara disebut:
walau pun tidak ada bantahan terhadap agama Islam menjadi agama rasmi Malaysia, tetapi tidak ada agama rasmi di Sabah dan Sarawak. Oleh itu, hendaklah diadakan jaminan untuk kebebsan agama. Setiap orang berhak menganuti dan mengamalkan agamanya dan tiap-tiap kumpulan agama adalah berhak menguruskan hal-hal agamanya sendiri, menubuh dan menyelenggara yayasan bagi maksud-maksud agma dan memperolehi serta memegnag dan mentadbir mengikut undang-undang. Semua kebebasan di atas juga tidak membenarkan apa-apa perbuatan yang berlarutan dengan undang-undang atau mengenai ketaatan awam, kesihatan awam atau akhlak. Bagi menjamin kebebasan agama ini terdapat undang Persekutuan yang memberi bantuan kewangan kepada Institusi Islam atau pekerjaan Islam, maka peruntukan yang seimbang juga diberikan kepada tujuan-tujuan kebajikan masyarajat di wilayah-wilayah Borneo iaitu Sabah dan Sarawak.

Perkara dua- Bahasa (Perkara 152 dalam perlembagaan)
Bahasa Melayu hendaklah menjadi bahasa Kebangsaan Persekutuan. Bahasa Inggeris akan
terus digunakan untuk tempoh sepuluh tahun selepas hari Malaysia. Bahasa Inggeris
hendaklah menjadi bahasa rasmi Borneo Utara untuk semua tujuan baik pad peringkat negeri mahupun Persekutuan had tempohnya.

(20 perkara-16)berdasarkan perkara ini, Bahasa Melayu hendaknya menjadi kebangsaan Persekutuan dan Bahas Inggeris terus digunkan untuk temph sepuluh tahun selepas hari Malaysia di Saah dan Sarawak. Sementara itu juga Bahsa Inggeris menjadi bahasa rasmi bagi Sabah dan Sarawak untuk semua tujuan baik di peringkat negeri mahu pun peringkat persekutuan. syarat ini, telah diterima oleh semua IGC dan telah pun mendapat tempat dalam perlembagaan dalam perkara 152. Syarat ini, dikemukakan kerana bahasa boleh digunakan sebagi alat menyatupadukan rakyat pelbgai kaum dan pelbagai sukuan terutama di Sarawak dan Sabah.

Perkata tiga- Imigrasi kawalan kemasukan orang ke mana-mana kawsan di Malaysia dari luar adalah terletak di bawah kuasa kerajaan Pusa tetapi kemasukan ke Borneo Utara perlu mendapat kelulusan kerajaan Negeri.

Kerajaan Persekutuan tidak boleh mengahklang kemasukan orang ke Borneo Utara untuk
tujuan keraja Negeri kecuali atas sebab keselematan. Borneo Utara hendaklah mempunyai
kuasa yang tidak terbatas bagi mengawal pergerakan orang-orang dari kawasan kawasan lain di malysia ke dalam Borneo Utara , selain daripada yang bekerja dengan kerajaan
Persekutuan di Borneo Utara. (Hlm 30)imigrasi hendaklah tetap dalam senarai persekutuan tetapi undang-undang hendaklah digubal oleh Parlimen untuk menentukannya, kecuali perkara-perkara tertentu, seperti permintaan masuk ke negeri-negeri Borneo ini mestilah diluluskan oleh negeri-negeri berkenaan. Undang-undang ini tidak boleh dipindah atau dihapuskan melainkan dengan persetujuan negeri -negeri tersebut. Borneo Utara juga hendaklah mempunayi kuasa yang tidak terbatas bagi mengawal pergerakan orang-orang dari kawasan-kawasanlain di Malaysia ke dalam Borneo Utara, selain daripada yang bekerja degan Persekutuan di Borneo Utara. Perkara ini dikemukakan demi menjaga kepentingan penduduk Sabah dan Sarawak supaya peluang-peluang yang terdapat di kedua negeri ini tidak diperolehi oleh orang luar. Ini memberi keuntungan kepada Sabah dan Sarawak kerana peraturan ini akan menyekat kemasukan orang-orang luar dan sesiapa yang mahu memasuki negeri-negeri ini perlu mendapat kebenaran kecuali yang bekerja dengan kerajaan Persekutuan.

Perkara empat - pelajaran & sistem pendidikan yang ada di Borneo Utara sejak arang hendaklah dikekalkan dan diletakkan di bawah kuasa kerajaan Negeri.Pelajaran sebenarnya hendaklah djadikan perkara Persekutuan, tetapi polisi dan sistem pentadbiran pelajaran di Sabah dan Sarwak berdasarkanperkara ini dikekalkan sepertimana kemahuan kerajaan negeri-negeri terebut sehinggalah kerajaan ini bersetuju mengubahnya. Dalam hal ini memberi peluang kepada kerajaan negeri menkaji perkara tersebut sebelum mengubahnya tau meminda sistem pendidikan di Sabah dan Sarawak untuk kepentngan rakyatnya sendiri.

Perkara lima - perkhidmatan Awam & Pengambilan perkhidmatan Awam oleh rakyat Borneo hendaklah dilaksanakan dengan secepat mungkin (hlm 41)tuntutan 20 perkara menekankan supaya pengambilan pegawai-pegawai baru di Borneo Utara hendaklah diberi keutamaan kepada penduduk di wilayah itu. Ini adalah bertujuan membuka peluiang kepada Bumiputera dan mengelakkan bukan Bumipiutera terutama kaum Cina daripada menguasai perkhidmatan ini kerana kaum ini lebih maju dalam pemdidikan berbanding penduduk tempatan .dalam perkara ini dinyatakan juga pelbagi hal yang menyentuh bidang perkhidmatan awam persekutuan, perkhidmatan awam persekutuan dengan negeri-negeri, pinjaman-pinjaman pegawai-pegawai, sekatan mengenai pembuangan kerja an penurunan pangkat kakitangan awam dan suruhanjaya-suruhanjaya dalam perkhidmatan awam. Selain itu suruhanjaya perkhidmatan awam berasingan hendaklah ditubuhkan di tiap-tiap negeri. Bagi menjaga kepntingan perkhidmatan awam di negeri-negeri Borneo, pegawai-pegawai yang da termasuk pegawai-pegawai dagang dinaikkan pangkat untuk ditukarkan ke perkhidmatan Persekutuan, tetapi tidak boleh ditukarkan keluar dari wilayah-wilayah Borneo tanpa persetuuan mereka.

perkara enam- kerakyatan & saranan-saranan dalam perenggan 148 (k) Laporan Suruhanjaya Cobbold hendaklah merangkumi hak-hak kewarganegraaan rakyat Borneo Utara dalam Persekutuan tertakluk kepada pindaan-pindaan berikut:
a) perenggan kecil (I) tidak harus mengandungi peruntukan menetapkan selama lima tahun.
b) Demi menyelaraskan kepada undang-undang kita, perenggan kecil (ii) (a) hendaklah
berbunyi "tujuh daripada sepuluh tahun" dan bukannya "lapan daripada dua belas tahun".
c) Perenggan kecil (iii) seharusnya tidak mengandungi sekatan berhubung dengan
kewarganegaraan ibu-bapa seseorang yang lahir di Borneo Utara seleas Malaysia metilah menjadi warganegara Persekutuan. hlm 52 Berdasarkan syarat kerakyatan yang dikemukan ini, tidaklah sewenwang-wenwangnya untuk menjadi warganegara Sabah dan Sarawak. Syarat ini juga dapat menghad seseorang sesiapa yang layak sahaja untuk menjadi warganegara kedua-dua negeri ini.

Perkara Tujuh- Dewan Undangan Persekutuan
ini hendaklah mengambil kira bukan sahaja jumlah penduduk Borneo Utara tetapi
juga saiz dan pretasinya dan dalam apa keadaan tidak harus kurang daripada
Singapura. Dalam perkara pemilihan dewan Undangan Persekutuan pertimbngan bukan
sahaja diberikan ke atas bilangan penduduk, tetapi juga kepada potensi dan prestasi
negeri tersebut. Perlantikan juga tidak boleh kurang daripada Singapura, oleh itu
tiap-tiap masjlis Undangan di Borneo hendaklah memilih 2 orang ahli Dewan Undangan
Negara. Sebagai tambahan, bilangan Dewan Undangan yang dilantik hendaklah ditambah 6
orang lagi kerana kemasukan Sarawak dan Sabah. Ahli-ahli baru yang dipilih dari Sabah
ialah 16 orang dan Sarawak seramai 24 orang. (kerusi percantuman di antara Persekutuan dengan Singapura telah diperuntukan 15 kerusi untuk Sinagapuara)

Perkara lapan- Perlembagaan negeri-negeri. ketua-ketua Menteri hendaklah dipilih oleh anggota Majlis Perundangan tidak rasmi. Sistem Menteri yang sempurna hendaklah diwujudkan di Borneo Utara. Berdasarkan perkara ini Ketua-tua negeri Borneo yang pertama hendaklah dilantik oleh baginda Queen dan Paduka Baginda Dipertuan Agung sebelum hari Malaysia untuk bertugas selam dua tahun. Sistem Menteri yang sempurna juga hendaklah dilaksanakan di Borneo Utara. Di Sarawak, ketua negeri telah dikenali sebagai Gabenor dab di Sabah sebagai Yang Dipertuan Negeri. Sementara masalah mengenai Perlembagaan Negeri dan Perlembagann Persekutuan akan ditentukan oleh Mahkamah. Perubahan-perubahan alin yang tertentu berkenan Perlembagaan Negeri Sabah sebagi Majlis tertinggi (Supereme council) dan Majlis Undangan sebagai Council Negeri.

Perkara sembilan- kuasa membuat undang. Pembahagian kuasa persekutuan dan Negeri seperti tercatat dalam Jadual 9,perlembagaan Malaysia:
Senari 1: di bawah Kuasa Persekutuan
Senarai 2: Di bawah Kuasa negeri
Senarai 2A: Tambhan kepada senarai negeri bagi negeri-negeri di Borneo
Senarai 3: Di bawah kuasa bersama dan
Senarai 3A: Tambahan kepada senarai bersama bagi negeri-negeri Borneo.

Pembahagian kusa membuat undang-undang dibhagikan kepada Majlis Undangan Persekutuandan Negeri. Majlis Undangan Persekutuan menentukan hal-hal ehwal luar, pertahanan, keselamatan dalam negeri, undang -undang sivil dan jenayah, peraturan dan pentadbiran keadilan, kerakyatan, jentera kewangan kerajaan, perdagangan, perniagaan dan perusahaan, perkapalan,perhubungan dan pengngkutan, kerja raya dan tenaga, ukur, buruh, koperasi hari-hari kelepasan, surat khabar, dan penyiaran dan syarikat-syarikat kerjasama. Sementra Majlis Undangan Negeri berperanan dalam perkara-perkara seperti undang-undang Islam, dan adat istiadat orang-orang asli, tanh, pertanian, hutan, kerajaan negeri, penyelidikan, ganti rugi dan sebagainya, bagi perkar-perkara yang termasuk dalam senarai bersam ialah kebajikan masyarakat, biasiswa, perlindumgan binatang liar, ternakan, perncangan bandar dan luar bandar, pengemis-pengemis dan penjaja, kesatuan dan kebersihan awm, parit, dan tali air dan pemulihan tanah-tanha lombong.

Perkara sepuluh- hak keistemewaan Bumiputera
Pada prinsipnya suku kaum Bumiputera di Borneo Utara hendalah menikmati hak-hak
istimewa seperti yang dinikmati oleh kaum Malyu ketika ini tidak semestinya boleh
digunakan untuk Borneo Utara.Hak kedudukan istimewa Bumiputera ini disediakan dalam
Perkhidmatan Awam termaktub dalam Artikel 161 A Perlebanngan Persekutuan. dalam Artikel ini memebri kedudukan Bumiputera di Borneo Utatara dengan hak keistimewaan oarang Melayu di bawah perkara 153.

Perkara sebelas- Peraturan dalam masa peralihan tempoh peralihan hendaklah tujuh tahun, dan dlam tempoh itu kuasa perundangan hendaklah diserahkan pada negeri Borneo Utara oleh Perlembagaan dan tidak sekadar diamanahkan kepada kerajaan negeri oleh kerajaan Persekutuan.

hlm 82 perkaraini dimasukkan ke dalam Perjanjian Malaysia atau Perlembagaan Persekutuan. tempoh peralihan diberi selam tujuh tahun dan kuasa perundangan adalah di bawah kuada kerajaan Negeri. Tujuan tempoh peralihan iniadalah untuk membolehkan peningkatan kesedaran politik di klangan rakyat negeri Sabah, supaya mereka aham akan tangungjawab mereka sebagai pemimpin kerana merka belum lagi mempunyai penglaman dalam mentadbir negeri sendiri sebelum penubuhan Malaysia.

Perkara dua belas-Undang-undang masa kini undang -undang mengenai perkara-perkara Persekutuan yang baru sahaja dikuatkusakan dalam sesebuah Borneo sebelum hari Malysia, hendaklah dijalankan danditeruskan walau pun di dapati tidak sesuai dengn sebarang peruntukan dalam perlembagaan sehingga diubah atau dibatalkan oleh kuasa tertentu.

Perkara ini membincangkan tentang undang-undang Persekutuan yang dikuatkusa di Borneo Utara sebelum hari Malaysia di negeri-negeri tersebut hendaklah dijalankan walupun diadapati tidak sesuai sehinggalah Perlembgaan diubah atau dipinda oleh mana-mana kusa tertentu.

Perkara tiga belas-Majlis Negara Bagi Kerajaan tempatan.
Kerajaan negeri-negeri terpaksa mengikuti polisi majlis ini sehingga kerajaan negeri-negeri memutuskan untuk berbuat demikian.

Perkara empat belas-Pruntukan kewangan Borneo Utara hendaklah berhak menjaga dan mengawal kewangan Tabung Pembangunan dan tarfnuya sendiri.

民法法系和普通法法系的比较

以下文章探讨民法法系(civil law system)和普通法法系(common law system)的基本差别和相对的比较

(一)民法法系

民法法系(civil law system)是以古代罗马法特别是19世纪初《法国民法典》为传统而发展起来的各国和地区法的总称,所以称为罗马法系,由于它首先在欧洲大陆各国兴起,所以称为大陆法系;由于它也受到中世纪日耳曼法的影响,所以又称为罗马--日耳曼法系或罗马--德意志法系。至于称为民法法系,乃是因为该法系的主要内容是民法。

属于民法法系的国家和地区,主要是以法德两国为代表的很多欧洲国家,包括意、比、西、葡、瑞士、奥地利等。

民法法系有三大渊源:一是古代罗马法,这是民法法系的主要历史渊源。二是法国民法法典,三是《德国民法典》

(二)普通法法系

普通法法系(common law system)是以英国中世纪至资本主义时期的法特别是普通法为基础和传统而发展起来的各国和地区法的总称,故称为普通法法系、英国法系,亦称英美法系,由于它以判例法为法的主要表现形式,故称为判例法系

普通法法系的渊源主要有三个:

其一是普通法。普通法是普通法法系的一个主要历史渊源,它是自11世纪法国诺曼底人入侵英国后开始逐渐形成的适用于英格兰全境的一种判例法。判例法产生于法官的判决,是法官从判决中所揭示的原则,是法官创造的法,由于它是适用于英格兰全境的判例法,通称为普通法。

其二是衡平法。衡平法是与普通法相对称的一种法,意指公平的法。它从15~16世纪开始出现,并与普通法平行发展,并产生了与普通法法院并行的衡平法院,亦称大法官法院。

其三是制定法。到18~19世纪时,制定法大量增加。

两大法系的比较

民法法系和普通法法系是资本主义的两个传统,两者在阶级本质、经济基础、总的指导思想、基本功能和基本原则等方面都是一致的,但在其他方面,却存在许多差别。

(一)法的渊源方面的差别

主要是判例是否正式意义上的法的渊源。在民法法系国家,制定法是主要的法的渊源,法院的判决,在法律上或理论上不被认为是正式的法的渊源,并不存在判例法。判例也可以说是非正式意义上的法的渊源。在普通法法系国家,判例被认为是正式意义的法的渊源之一。

(二)在适用法律技术方面的差别

在民法法系国家,首先考虑有关指定法如何规定。这一法律适用过程中,表现为从一般到个别的演绎推理。普通法法系国家,除确定事实外,首先要考虑以前类似案件的判决,将本案例事实与以前案件事实加以比较,然后从以前判例中找出可以适用于本案的法律规则,作为判决本案的法律根据。这种法律适用的推理方法是一种归纳法。

(三)在法典编纂方面的差别

民法法系国家的基本法一般采用较系统的法典形式。普通法法系国家一般为单行法律、法规。

(四)在法的分类方面的差别

民法法系国家的基本分类是公法和私法。普通法法系的基本分类是普通法和衡平法。

(五)在法的体系构成上的差别

民法法系国家法的体系一般由宪法、民法、商法、刑法、程序法等部门法构成,实体法与程序法界限清楚。而普通法法系国家的法的体系构成则不同,尤为明显的是没有民法法系中的民法这一重要而独立的部门法。在普通法系,有宪法、刑法、诉讼法,还有类似民法法系的民法的侵权行为法、契约法、财产法、买卖法等。普通法法系的实体法与程序法往往结合在一起。

(六)诉讼程序不同

民法法系是审问制的而普通法法系是对抗式(也称抗辩式)

两大法系的融合

(一)在立法权的归属和法的渊源方面的融合

两大法系在立法权的实际归属和法的渊源方面的差别在逐渐缩小。近些年来,有些民法法系国家的司法机关在某些方面也采取判例法或承认判例的约束力。另一方面,普通法法系国家制定法大量增加

(二)欧洲共同体的出现

欧洲共同体是兼有国际法和国内法特点的跨国法,共同体法不仅适用于成员国,也适用于成员国公民。在共同体与国内发生冲突时,共同体法优先于国内法

二:一国之内
以美国刑法为例,在美国的联邦体制中,各州有权在宪法范围内自由地发展自己的普通法和制定法。因此,州和联邦立法机关颁布不同的制定法,法院也各自解释英国的普通法原则。结果,美国刑法,虽然有共同基础,但也十分不同。1960年以前,就很难说“合众国刑法”。
1962年美国法学会(ALI),这个由杰出的律师,法官和学者组成的民间组织,编制了《模范刑法典》,意在作为立法以供各州采纳或不予适用。自从1962年《模范刑法典》公布以来,已有超过35个州全部或部分采纳《模范刑法典》。由于已为普遍接受,因此考查当前刑法时就不能忽视《模范刑法典》。本书对模范刑法典的原则与先前的法律原则作了比较。那些早先的原则,无论是制定法的还是普通法的,在此通称为“普通法”。但是,应该注意——我们是用 ALI编制的《模范刑法典》作比较。没有一个州精确地采纳ALI建议的《模范刑法典》,许多司法区(最主要的是,联邦刑法典和加利福尼亚刑法典)仍旧完全没有采纳《模范刑法典》。因此,虽然《模范刑法典》是“美国刑法”可能是一般事实,但一些特殊的规定可能不是特定司法区的“刑法”。还有,即使在那些没有颁布《模范刑法典》的州,法院有时也会参照《模范刑法典》以此作为指导,因为它被认为体现了审慎而中立地解释刑法的原则。
普通法(由法院发展)和制定法(由国会发展)之间的关系是互动的。美国法官不能再“创制”罪行,因为他们的英国先辈早已创制(见第10章的(盗窃罪)和第13章的(共谋罪))。除非行为被制定法禁止否则就没有犯罪也已是人们公认的原则。还有,法院可以扩张或限制解释制定法,因而可有效地扩大或缩小成文刑法的范围。

2000年7月1日星期六

prima facie case竟然译法种种-元照英美法律词典又一违背“译名同一之”佐证!

继上次发现元照英美法词典违背“译名同一律”后,在查阅prima facie case词条时再次发现同一术语在元照里面竟然有几种不同译法。

prima facie case一术语竟然有“表面案件”,“有足夠證據之案件”,“初步證明的案件”,“表面事實”四种译法。真是让人莫衷一是。特粘贴其原文如下。

burden of proof

證明責任 指當事人為避免不利於己的裁判而提出證據證明其主張的事實並說服事實認定者〔trier of fact〕確信其主張的責任。證據法上的一般規則是提出肯定性主張的一方負證明責任,即「誰主張,誰舉證」。所以,在訴訟中證明責任通常首先由原告或控告人〔prosecutor〕承擔,但當其提出了充分證據能夠證明其主張成立,即確立了表面案件〔prima facie case〕時,證明責任即轉移給另一方,但是在刑事訴訟中由於實行無罪推定〔presumption of innocence〕原則,證明被告人有罪的責任由公訴方承擔,被告人不承擔證明自己有罪或無罪的責任,但就某些事實或主張,被告人仍承擔證明責任,如被告人主張自己精神不正常等。在英美證據法理論上,通常認為證明責任包含兩個概念,其一為「舉證責任」〔burden of going forward with evidence or burden of producing evidence〕,即當事人就自己主張的事實應提供充分證據予以證明的責任。該責任在訴訟過程中可在當事人之間來回轉移;其二為「說服責任」〔burden of persuasion〕,即當事人說服事實認定者確信其所提證據指向的事實為真實的責任。依傳統觀點,說服責任在訴訟的任一階段都不會由當事人一方轉移給另一方。承擔證明責任的一方對其主張的證明還必須達到法定的標準,才可使自己免受不利裁判。在不同的案件中該標準也不同。在大多數民事案件中及對某些刑事辯護主張(如精神不正常〔insanity〕),適用「證據優勢」〔preponderance of the evidence〕的標準;在某些民事案件(如關於民事欺詐〔civil fraud〕)中,適用「清楚而令人信服的證明」〔clear and convincing proof〕的標準;而在刑事案件中對被告人有罪的證明則必須達到「排除合理懷疑」〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的程度。

directed verdict

指示裁斷 指直接依案件承審法官的命令而對案件作出判決。在這種情況下,法官取代了陪審團作為事實認定者的角色,因為案件的證據非常具有說服力,據此只能合理地得出唯一的結論,或者案件的證據未能確立表面案件的成立〔establish a prima facie case〕。

et inde producit sectam

〈拉〉並據此提起訴訟 這是舊時普通法上原告申述結束時的用語。其原來的意思是原告提起訴訟時帶有證人,其後要求原告所提供的證人的證詞足以構成在有反證前可以認為有足夠證據之案件〔prima facie case〕。在愛德華三世時,這種做法就被廢棄,但該用語仍被沿用。

prima facie case

初步證明的案件 有兩種含義:1原告提出的證據足以支持其訴訟請求,從而可以將案件交付陪審團裁斷;2原告已提出足以支持其訴訟請求的證據,如被告不能提出足以反駁的反證,法庭必然判決原告勝訴。

satisfactory proof of loss

對損失的可信證明 指向保險人提供的有關保險事項所受損失的證明,它應足以證實對一方有利的表面事實〔prima facie case〕成立並且能夠使保險人對其權利和責任作出合理的估計。

出处∶法律英语帝国
原题∶prima facie case竟然译法种种-元照英美法律词典又一违背“译名同一之”佐证!
作者  ∶殷海荣
发表日期∶03-03-2009

2000年1月2日星期日

马来西亚联邦宪法 Constitution of Malaysia


中英对照 - 至第3条
整理至60条

PART I - THE STATES, RELIGION AND LAW OF THE FEDERATION
第一篇:联合邦的州属、宗教与法律

Article 1. Name, States and territories of the Federation
第1条 联合邦的名称、州属与领土
(1) The Federation shall be known, in Malay and in English, by the name Malaysia.
(1) 联合邦之马来文与英文名称为“Malaysia”(马来西亚)。
(2) The States of the Federation shall be Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor and Trengganu.
(2) 联合邦之成员州属为柔佛、吉打、吉兰丹、马六甲、森美兰、彭亨、槟城、霹雳、玻璃市、沙巴、砂拉越、雪兰莪与登嘉楼。
(3) Subject to Clause (4), the territories of each of the States mentioned in Clause
(2) are the territories comprised therein immediately before Malaysia Day.
(3) 约束于第(4)款,第(2)款所提及的各州之领土乃马来西亚成立日之前即已包含在各州之领土。
(4) The territory of the State of Selangor shall exclude the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur established under the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1973 and the territory of the State of Sabah shall exclude the Federal Territory of Labuan established under the Constitution (Amendment) (no. 2) Act 1984, and both the said Federal Territories shall be territories of the Federation.
(4) 雪兰莪州之领土不包括1973年宪法修正案二(A206)所成立之吉隆坡联邦直辖区及2001年宪法修正案(A1095)所成立之布城联邦直辖区;沙巴州之领土不包括1984年宪法修正案二(A585)所成立之纳闽联邦直辖区;以上所提及之全部联邦直辖区皆为联邦之领土。

PART II FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES
第二篇:基本自由

Article 2. Admission of new territories into the Federation
第2条 接受新领土加入联合邦
Parliament may by law -
国会可以立法——
(a) admit other States to the Federation;
(a)接纳其他州加入联合邦。
(b) alter the boundaries of any State, but a law altering the boundaries of a State shall not be passed without the consent of that State (expressed by a law made by the Legislature of that State) and of the Conference of Rulers.
(b)修改任何州属的疆界,唯除非获得一州(由该州立法机构制定法律声明)及统治者会议的同意,不得通过修改该州属疆界的法律。

Article 3. Religion of the Federation
第三条 联合邦之宗教
(1) Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.
(1)回教为联合邦之国教;惟其他宗教可在安宁与和谐中在联合邦任何地方奉行。
(2) In every State other than States not having a Ruler the position of the Ruler as the Head of the religion of Islam in his State in the manner and to the extent acknowledged and declared by the Constitution, all rights, privileges, prerogatives and powers enjoyed by him as Head of that religion, are unaffected and unimpaired; but in any acts, observance or ceremonies with respect to which the Conference of Rulers has agreed that they should extend to the Federation as a whole each of the other Rulers shall in his capacity of Head of the religion of Islam authorize the Yang di-pertuan Agong to represent him.
(2)除无统治者之州外,州宪法所确定每一州之统治者作为该州回教首长之地位,及作为回教首长所享有之权利、特权、专有权及权力,完全不受影响或削减;惟当统治者会议同意将任何一项宗教行为、典礼或仪式扩展实施於联合邦里寸,则各州统治者必须以回教首长之地位授权最高元首为代表。
(3) The Constitution of the States of Malacca, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak shall each make provision for conferring on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be Head of the religion of Islam in that State.
(3)马六甲州、槟城州、沙巴州及砂越州之宪法必须各制定有关条文,使最高元首成为各该州之回教首长。
(4) Nothing in this Article derogates from any other provision of this Constitution.
(4)本条不得减损本宪法其他条文。
(5) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the Head of the religion of Islam in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan; and for this purpose Parliament may by law make provisions for regulating Islamic religious affairs and for constituting a Council to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in matters relating to the religion of Islam.
(5)即使本宪法另有规定,最高元首必须为吉隆坡及纳闽联邦直辖区之回教首长;国会得为此制定法律管制回教事务,及成立一个理事会,向最高元首拟作有关回教事务之劝告。

4.
• (1) This Constitution is the supreme law of the Federation and any law passed after Merdeka Day which is inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
• (2) The validity of any law shall not be questioned on the ground that -
• (a) it imposes restrictions on the right mentioned in Article 9 (2) but does not relate to the matters mentioned therein; or
• (b) it imposes such restrictions as are mentioned in Article 10 (2) but those restrictions were not deemed necessary or expedient by Parliament for the purposes mentioned in that Article.
• (3) The validity of any law made by Parliament or the Legislature of any State shall not be questioned on the ground that it makes provision with respect to any matter with respect to which Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of the State has no power to make laws, except in proceedings for a declaration that the law is invalid on that ground or -
• (a) if the law was made by Parliament, in proceedings between the Federation and one or more States;
• (b) if the law was made by Legislature of a State, in proceedings between the Federation and that State.
• (4) Proceedings for a declaration that a law is invalid on the ground mentioned in Clause (3) (not being proceedings falling within paragraph (a) or (b) of the Clause) shall not be commenced without the leave of a judge of the Supreme Court; and the Federation shall be entitled to be a party to any such proceedings, and so shall any State that would or might be a party to proceedings brought for the same purpose under paragraph (a) or (b) of the Clause.

PART II - FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES

5.
• (1) No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty save in accordance with law.
• (2) Where complaint is made to a High court or any judge thereof that a person is being unlawfully detained the court shall inquire into the complaint and, unless satisfied that the detention is lawful, shall order him to be produced before the court and release him.
• (3) Where a person is arrested he shall be informed as soon as may be of the grounds of his arrest and shall be allowed to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.
• (4) Where a person is arrested and not released he shall without unreasonable delay, and in any case within twenty-four hours (excluding the time of any necessary journey) be produced before a magistrate and shall not be further detained in custody without the magistrate's authority:
Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the arrest or detention of any person under the existing law relating to restricted residence, and all the provisions of this Clause shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day.
• (5) Clauses (3) and (4) do not apply to an enemy alien.

6.
• (1) No person shall be held in slavery.
• (2) All forms of forced labour are prohibited, but Parliament may by law provide for compulsory service for national purposes.
• (3) Work incidental to the serving of a sentence of imprisonment imposed by a court of law shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article.
• (4) Where by any written law the whole or any part of the functions of any public authority is to be carried on by another public authority, for the purpose of enabling those functions to be performed the employees of the first mentioned public authority shall be bound to serve the second mentioned public authority shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article, and no such employee shall be entitled to demand any right from either the first mentioned or the second mentioned public authority by reason of the transfer of his employment.

7.
(1) No person shall be punished for an act or omission which was not punishable by law when it was done or made, and no person shall suffer greater punishment for an offence than was prescribed by law at the time it was committed.
• (2) A person who has been acquitted or convicted of an offence shall not be tried again for the same offence except where the conviction or acquittal has been quashed and a retrial ordered by a court superior to that by which he was acquitted or convicted.

8.
• (1) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law.
• (2) Except as expressly authorized by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth in any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment.
• (3) There shall be no discrimination in favour of any person on the ground that he is a subject of the Ruler of the State.
• (4) No public authority shall discriminate against any person on the ground that he is resident or carrying on business in any part of the Federation outside the jurisdiction of the authority.
• (5) This Article does not invalidate or prohibit -
• (a) any provision regulating personal law;
• (b) any provision or practice restricting office or employment connected with the affairs of any religion, or of an institution managed by a group professing any religion, to persons professing that religion;
• (c) any provision for the protection, wellbeing or advancement of the aboriginal peoples of the Malay Peninsula (including the reservation of land) or the reservation to aborigines of a reasonable proportion of suitable positions in the public service;
• (d) any provision prescribing residence in a State or part of a State as a qualification for election or appointment to any authority having jurisdiction only in that State or part, or for voting in such an election;
• (e) any provision of a Constitution of a State, being or corresponding to a provision in force immediately before Merdeka Day;
• (f) any provision restricting enlistment in the Malay Regiment to Malays.

9.
• (1) No citizen shall be banished or excluded from the Federation.
• (2) Subject to Clause (3) and to any law relating to the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order, public health, or the punishment of offenders, every citizen has the right to move freely throughout the Federation and to reside in any part thereof.
• (3) So long as under this Constitution any other State is in a special position as compared with the States of Malaya, Parliament may by law impose restrictions, as between that State and other States, on the rights conferred by Clause (2) in respect of movement and residence.

10.
(1) Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4) -
• (a) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression;
• (b) all citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and without arms;
• (c) all citizens have the right to form associations.
• (2) Parliament may by law impose -
• (a) on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of Clause (1),such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and restrictions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any Legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence;
• (b) on the right conferred by paragraph (b) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, or public order;
• (c) on the right conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof, public order or morality.
• (3) Restrictions on the right to form associations conferred by paragraph (c) of Clause (1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labour or education.
• (4) In imposing restrictions in the interest of the security of the Federation or any part thereof or public order under Clause (2) (a), Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III, article 152, 153 or 181 otherwise than in relation to the implementation thereof as may be specified in such law.

11.
• (1) Every person has the right to profess and practice his religion and, subject to Clause (4), to propagate it.
• (2) No person shall be compelled to pay any tax the proceeds of which are specially allocated in whole or in part for the purposes of a religion other than his own.
• (3) Every religious group has the right -
• (a) to manage its own religious affairs;
• (b) to establish and maintain institutions for religious or charitable purposes; and
• (c) to acquire and own property and hold and administer it in accordance with law.
• (4) State law and in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Lubuan, federal law may control or restrict the propagation of any religious doctrine or belief among persons professing the religion of Islam.
• (5) This Article does not authorize any act contrary to any general law relating to public order, public health or morality.

12.
(1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 8, there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the grounds only of religion, race, descent or place of birth -
• (a) in the administration of any educational institution maintained by a public authority, and, in particular, the admission of pupils or students or the payment of fees; or
• (b) in providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether within or outside the Federation).
• (2) Every religious group has the right to establish and maintain institutions for the education of children in its own religion, and there shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any law relating to such institutions or in the administration of any such law; but it shall be lawful for the Federation or a State to establish or maintain or assist in establishing or maintaining Islamic institutions or provide or assist in providing instruction in the religion of Islam and incur such expenditure as may be necessary for the purpose.
• (3) No person shall be required to receive instruction in or take part in any ceremony or act of worship of a religion other than his own.
• (4) For the purposes of Clause (3) the religion of a person under the age of eighteen years shall be decided by his parent or guardian.

13.
(1) No person shall be deprived of property save in accordance with law.
• (2) No law shall provide for the compulsory acquisition or use of property without adequate compensation.

PART III - CITIZENSHIP
Chapter 1 - Acquisition of Citizenship

14.
• (1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the following persons are citizens by operation of law, that is to say:
• (a) every person born before Malaysia Day who is a citizen of the Federation by virtue of the provisions contained in Part 1 of the Second Schedule; and
• (b) every person born on or after Malaysia Day, and having any of the qualifications specified in Part 11 of the Second Schedule.
• (c) (Repealed).
• (2) (Repealed).
• (3) (Repealed).

15.
• (1) Subject to Article 18, any married woman whose husband is a citizen is entitled, upon making application to the Federal Government, to be registered as a citizen if the marriage was subsisting and the husband a citizen at the beginning of October 1962, or if she satisfies the Federal Government -
• (a) that she has resided in the Federation throughout the two years preceding the date of the application and intends to do so permanently; and
• (b) that she is of good character.
• (2) Subject to Article 18, the Federal Government may cause any person under the age of twenty-one years whose parents one at least is (or was at death) a citizen to be registered as a citizen upon application made to the Federal Government by his parent or guardian.
• (3) Subject to Article 18, a person under the age of twenty-one years who was born before the beginning of October 1962, and whose father is (or was at his death) a citizen and was also a citizen at the beginning of that month (if then alive), is entitled upon application made to the Federal Government by his parent or guardian, to be registered as a citizen if the Federal Government is satisfied that he is ordinarily resident in the Federation and is of good character.
• (4) For the purposes of Clause (1) residence before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak shall be treated as residence in the Federation.
• (5) The reference in Clause (1) to a married woman is a reference to a woman whose marriage has been registered in accordance with any written law in force in the Federation, including any such law in force before Merdeka Day, or with any written law in force before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak:
Provided that this Clause shall not apply where the woman applies to be registered as a citizen before the beginning of September 1965, or such later date as may be fixed by order of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and is at the date of the application ordinarily resident in the States of Sabah and Sarawak.
• (6) (Repealed)

16.
• Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
• (a) that -
• (i) he is resided in the Federation for the required periods and intends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently;
• (ii) (Repealed).
• (b) that he is of good character; and
• (c) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
• (2) Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, in such special circumstances as it thinks fit, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
• (a) that he has resided in the Federation during the seven years immediately preceding the date of the application, for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than five years;
• (b) that he intends to do so permanently;
• (c) that he is of good character; and
• (d) that he has an elementary knowledge of the Malay language.

16a

16A. Subject to Article 18, any person of or over the age of eighteen years who is on Malaysia Day ordinarily resident in the State of Sabah or Sarawak is entitled, upon making application to the Federal Government before September 1971, to be registered as a citizen if he satisfies the Federal Government -
• (a) that he has resided before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in those States and after Malaysia Day in the Federation for periods which amount in the aggregate to not less than seven years in the ten years immediately preceding the date of the application, and which include the twelve months immediately preceding that date;
• (b) that he intends to reside permanently in the Federation;
• (c) that he is of good character; and
• (d) except where the application is made before September 1965, and the applicant has attained the age of forty-five years at the date of the application, that he has a sufficient knowledge of the Malay language or the English language or, in the case of an applicant ordinarily resident in Sarawak, the Malay language, the English language or any native language in current use in Sarawak.

17
(Repealed)

18.
• (1) No person of or over the age of eighteen years shall be registered as a citizen under this Constitution until he has taken the oath set out in the First Schedule.
• (2) Except with the approval of the Federal Government, no person who has renounced or has been deprived of citizenship under this Constitution or who has renounced or has been deprived of federal citizenship or citizenship of the Federation before Merdeka Day under the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948 shall be registered as a citizen under this Constitution.
• (3) A person registered as a citizen under this Constitution shall be a citizen by registration from the day on which he is so registered.
• (4) (Repealed).

19.
• (1) Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
• (a) that -
• (i) he has resided in the Federation for the required periods and intends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently;
• (ii) (Repealed).
• (b) that he is of good character; and
• (c) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
• (2) Subject to Clause (9), the Federal Government may, in such special circumstances as it thinks fit, upon application made by any person of or over the age of twenty-one years who is not a citizen, grant a certificate of naturalization to that person if satisfied -
• (a) that he has resided in the Federation for the required periods and intends, if the certificate is granted, to do so permanently;
• (b) that he is of good character; and
• (c) that he has an adequate knowledge of the Malay language.
• (3) The periods of residence in the Federation or the relevant part of it which are required for the grant of a certificate of naturalization are periods which amount in the aggregate to not less than ten years in the twelve years immediately preceding the date of the application for the certificate, and which include the twelve months immediately preceding that date.
• (4) For the purposes of Clauses (1) and (2) residence before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak shall be treated as residence in the Federation; and for purposes of Clause (2) residence in Singapore before Malaysia Day or with the approval of the Federal Government residence in Singapore after Malaysia Day shall be treated as residence in the Federation.
• (5) A person to whom a certificate of naturalization is granted shall be a citizen by naturalization from the date on which the certificate is granted.
• (6) (Repealed)
• (7) (Repealed)
• (8) (Repealed)
• (9) No certificate of naturalization shall be granted to any person until he has taken the oath set out in the First Schedule.

19A. (Repealed)

20. (Repealed)

21. (Repealed)

22. If any new territory is admitted to the Federation after Malaysia Day in pursuance of Article 2, parliament may by law determine what persons are to be citizens by reason of their connection with that territory and the date or dates from which such persons are to be citizens.

PART III - CITIZENSHIP
Chapter 2 - Termination of Citizenship

23.
• Any citizen of or over the age of twenty-one years and of sound mind who is also or is about to become a citizen of another country may renounce his citizenship of the Federation by declaration registered by the Federal Government, and shall thereupon cease to be a citizen.
• (2) A declaration made under this Article during any war in which the Federation is engaged shall not be registered except with the approval of the Federal Government.
• (3) This Article applies to a woman under the age of twenty-one years who has been married as it applies to a person of or over that age.

24.
• (1) If the Federal Government is satisfied that any citizen has acquired by registration, naturalization or other voluntary and formal act (other than marriage) the citizenship of any country outside the Federation, the Federal Government may by order deprive that person of his citizenship.
• (2) If the Federal Government is satisfied that any citizen has voluntarily claimed and exercised in any country, being rights accorded exclusively to its citizens, the Federal Government may by order deprive that person of his citizenship.
• (3) (Repealed)
• (3A) Without prejudice to the generality of Clause (2), the exercise of a vote in any political election in a place outside the Federation shall be deemed to be the voluntary claim and exercise of a right available under the law of that place; and for the purposes of Clause (2), a person who, after such date as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by order appoint for the purposes of this Clause -
• (a) applies to the authorities of a place outside the Federation for the issue or renewal of a passport; or
• (b) uses a passport issued by such authorities as a travel document,
• shall be deemed voluntarily to claim and exercise a right available under the law of that place, being a right accorded exclusively to the citizens of that place.
• (4) If the Federal Government is satisfied that any woman who is a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15 has acquired the citizenship of any country outside the Federation by virtue of her marriage to a person who is not a citizen, the Federal Government may by order deprive her of her citizenship.

25.
(1) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any person who is a citizen by registration under Article 16A or 17 or a citizen by naturalisation if satisfied -
• (a) that he has shown himself by act or speech to be disloyal or disaffected towards the Federation;
• (b) that he has, during any war in which the Federation is or was engaged, unlawfully traded or communicated with an enemy or been engaged in or associated with any business which to his knowledge was carried on in such manner as to assist an enemy in that war; or
• (c) that he has, within the period of five years beginning with the date of the registration or the grant of the certificate, been sentenced in any country to imprisonment for a term of not less than twelve months or to a fine of not less than five thousand ringgit or the equivalent in currency of that country, and has not received a free pardon in respect of the offence for which he was so sentenced.
• (1A) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any person who is a citizen by registration under Article 16A or 17 or a citizen by naturalisation if satisfied that without the Federal Government's approval, he has accepted, served in, or performed the duties of any office, post or employment under the Government of any country outside the Federation or any political sub-division thereof, or under any agency of such a Government, in any case where an oath, affirmation or declaration of allegiance is required in respect of the office, post or employment:
Provided that a person shall not be deprived of citizenship under this Clause by reason of anything done before the beginning of October 1962, in relation to a foreign country, and before the beginning of January 1977, in relation to a Commonwealth country, notwithstanding that he was at the time a citizen.
• (2) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any person who is a citizen by registration under Article 16A or 17 or a citizen by naturalization if satisfied that he has been ordinarily resident in countries outside the Federation for a continuous period of five years and during that period has neither -
• (a) been at any time in the service of the Federation or of an international organization of which the Federal Government was a member; nor
• (b) registered annually at a consulate of the Federation his intention to retain his citizenship:
provided that this Clause shall not apply to any period of residence in any Commonwealth country before the beginning of January 1977.
• (3) (Repealed)

26.
• (1) The Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any citizen by registration or by naturalization if satisfied that the registration or certificate of naturalization -
• (a) was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or the concealment of any material fact; or
• (b) was effected or granted by mistake.
• (2) The Federal Government may by order deprive of her citizenship any woman who is a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15 if satisfied that the marriage by virtue of which she was registered has been dissolved, otherwise than by death, within the period of two years beginning with the date of the marriage.
• (3) (Repealed).
• (4) (Repealed).

26A. Where a person has renounced his citizenship or been deprived thereof under Clause (1) of Article 24 or paragraph (a) of Clause (1) of Article 26, the Federal Government may by order deprive of his citizenship any child of that person under the age of twenty-one who has ben registered as a citizen pursuant to this Constitution and was so registered as being the child of that person or of that person's wife or husband.

26B.
• (1) Renunciation or deprivation of citizenship shall not discharge a person from liability in respect of anything done or omitted before he ceased to be a citizen.
• (2) No person shall be deprived of citizenship under Article 25, 26 or 26A unless the Federal Government is satisfied that it is not conducive to the public good that he should continue to be a citizen: and no person shall be deprived of citizenship under Article 25, paragraph (b) of Clause (1) of Article 26, or Article 26A if the Federal Government is satisfied that as a result of the deprivation he would not be a citizen of any country.

27.
• (1) Before making an order under Article 24, 25 or 26, the Federal Government shall give to the person against whom the order is proposed to be made notice in writing informing him of the ground on which the order is proposed to be made and of his right to have the case referred to a committee of inquiry under this Article.
• (2) If any person to whom such notice is given applies to have the case referred as aforesaid the Federal Government may, refer the case to a committee of inquiry consisting of a chairman (being a person possessing judicial experience) and two other members appointed by that Government for the purpose.
• (3) In the case of any such reference, the committee shall hold an inquiry in such manner as the Federal Government may direct, and submit its report to that Government: and the Federal Government shall have regard to the report in determining whether to make the order.

28.
• (1) For the purposes of the foregoing provisions of this Chapter -
• (a) any person who before Merdeka Day became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation by registration as a citizen or in consequence of his registration as a citizen or in consequence of his registration as the subject of the Ruler, or by the grant of a certificate of citizenship, under any provision of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, or of any State law shall be treated as a citizen by registration and, if he was not born within the Federation, as a citizen by registration under Article 17;
• (b) a woman who before that day became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation by registration as a citizen, or in consequence of her registration as the subject of the Ruler, under any provision of the said Agreement or any State law authorizing the registration of women married to citizens of the Federation or to subjects of the Ruler shall be treated as a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15;
• (c) any person who before that day was naturalised as a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation under the said Agreement of became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation in consequence of his naturalization as the subject of a Ruler under any State law shall (subject to Clause (2)) be treated as a citizen by naturalization.
and references in those provisions to the registration or naturalization of a citizen shall be construed accordingly.
• (2) No person born within the Federation shall be liable by virtue of this Article to be deprived of citizenship under Article 25.
• (3) A person who on Merdeka Day became a citizen by operation of law as having been citizen of the Federation immediately before that day shall not be deprived of citizenship under Clause (1) or (2) of Article 24 by reason of anything done on or before that day, but in the case of any such person Clause (2) of Article 25 shall apply equally in relation to a period of residence in foreign countries beginning before Merdeka Day and in relation to such a period beginning on or after that day.

28a.
• (1) (Repealed)
• (2) For the purposes of Articles 24, 25, 26 and 26A a person who on Malaysia Day becomes a citizen by operation of law because immediately before that day he has the status of a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies shall be treated -
• (a) as a citizen by registration if he acquired that status by registration; and
• (b) as a citizen by naturalisation if he acquired that status by or in consequence of naturalisation;
and references in those Articles to the registration or naturalisation of a citizen shall be construed accordingly.
• (3) Where a woman is under this Article to be treated as a citizen by registration, and the status consequence of which she is to be treated was acquired by her virtue of marriage, then for purposes of Clause (4) of Article 24 and Clause (2) of Article 26 she shall be treated as a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15.
• (4) Where a person born before Malaysia Day is under this Article to be treated as a citizen by registration by virtue of a connection with the State of Sabah or Sarawak and he was not born in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak, Article 25 shall apply to him as if he were a citizen by registration under Article 16a or 17.
• (5) Notwithstanding that a person is under this Article to be treated as a citizen by naturalisation,he shall not be deprived of his citizenship under Article 25 if he was born before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and is to be treated by virtue of a status acquired by or in consequence of naturalisation in those territories.
• (6) Without prejudice to the forgoing Clauses, where on Malaysia Day a person becomes a citizen by operation of law in virtue of any status possessed by him immediately before that day to be deprived of that status under the law relating thereto, then the Federal Government may by order deprive him of his citizenship, ir proceedings for that purpose are begun before September 1965: but Clause (2) of Article 26b and, subject to Clause (7), Article 27 shall apply to an order under this Clause as they apply to an order under Article 25.
• (7) Where a person is liable to be deprived of citizenship under Clause (6) and proceedings had before Malaysia Day begun to deprive him of the status of virtue of which he acquired his citizenship, those proceedings shall be treated as proceedings to deprive him of citizenship under that Clause, and shall be continued in accordance with the law relating to that status immediately before Malaysia Day, and the functions the Federal Government in relation thereto shall be delegated to such authority of the State in question as the Federal Government may determine.

PART III - CITIZENSHIP
Chapter 3 - Supplemental

29.
• (1) In accordance with the position of the Federation within the Commonwealth, every person who is a citizen of the Federation enjoys by virtue of that citizenship the status of a Commonwealth citizen in common with the citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
• (2) Any existing law shall, except so far as Parliament otherwise provides, apply in relation to a citizen of the Republic of Ireland who is not also a Commonwealth citizen as it applies in relation to a Commonwealth citizen.

30.
• (1) The Federal Government may, on the application of any person with respect to whose citizenship a doubt exists, whether of fact or of law, certify that person is a citizen.
• (2) A certificate issued under Clause (1) shall, unless it is proved that it was obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact, be conclusive evidence that the person to whom it relates was a citizen on the date of the certificate, but without prejudice to any evidence that he was a citizen at an earlier date.
• (3) For the purpose of determining whether a person was born a citizen of the Federation, any question whether he was born a citizen of another country shall be decided by the Federal Government,whose certificate thereon (unless proved to have been obtained by means of fraud, false representation or concealment of a material fact ) shall be conclusive.
• (4) (Repealed)

30A. (Repealed)

30B. (Repealed)

31. Until Parliament otherwise provides, the supplementary provisions contained in Part lll of the Second Schedule shall have effect for the purposes of this Part.

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 1 - The Supreme Head

32.
• (1) There shall be a Supreme Head of the Federation, to be called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who shall take precedence over all persons in the Federation and shall not be liable to any proceedings whatsoever in any court.
• (2) The Consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (to be called the Raja Permaisuri Agong) shall take precedence next after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong over all other persons in the Federation.
• (3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Conference of Rulers or be removed from office by the Conference of Rulers, and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.
• (4) The provisions of Part l and lll of the Third Schedule shall apply to the election and removal of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

33.
• (1) There shall be a Deputy Supreme Head of the Federation (to be called the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong) who shall exercise the functions and have the privileges of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong during any vacancy in the office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and during any period during which the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is unable to exercise the functions of his office owing to illness, absence from the Federation or for any other cause, but the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise those functions during any inability or absence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong which is expected to be less than fifteen days, unless the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient to exercise such functions.
• (2) The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be elected by the Conference of Rulers for a term of five years, or if elected during the term for which the Yang di-Pertuan Agong was elected, for the remainder of that term, but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Conference of Rulers and shall cease to hold office on ceasing to be a Ruler.
• (3) If during the term for which the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong was elected a vacancy occurs in the office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong his term shall expire on the cessation of the vacancy.
• (4) the provisions of Part ll of the Third Schedule shall apply to the election of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
• (5) Parliament may by law provide for the exercise by a Ruler of the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in cases where those functions would under Clause (1) fall to be exercised owing to a vacancy in the office of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong or to his illness, absence from the Federation or to any other cause; but such a law shall not be passed without the consent of Conference of Rulers.

34.
• (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise his functions as Ruler of his State except those Head of the religion of Islam.
• (2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not hold any appointment carrying any remuneration.
• (3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not actively engage in any commercial enterprise.
• (4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not receive any emoluments of any kind payable or accruing to as the Ruler of his State under the provisions of the Constitution of that State or of any State law.
• (5) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not, without the consent of the Conference of Rulers, be absent from the Federation for more than fifteen days, except on a State visit to another country.
• (6) Clauses (2) and (3) shall apply to the Raja Permaisuri Agong.
• (7) Where the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any other person authorised by law exercises the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for a period exceeding fifteen days Clause (1) to (5) shall apply to him during that period as they apply to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
• (8) Nothing in Clause (1) shall prevent the Yang di-Pertuan Agong exercising as Ruler of his State any power vested in him either alone or in conjunction with any other authority -
• (a) to amend the Constitution of the State; or
• (b) to appoint a Regent or member of a Council of Regency in the place of any Regent or member, as the case may be, who has died or has become incapable for any reason of performing the duties of the office of Regent or member of the Council of Regency..... respectively.

35.
• (1) Parliament shall by law provide a Civil List of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong which shall include provision of an annuity to be paid to the Raja Permaisuri Agong, and shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund and shall not be diminished during the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's continuance in office.
• (2) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any other person authorized by law to exercise the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong during any period during which he exercises those functions and the renumeration for which provision is made in pursuance of this Clause shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

36. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall keep and use the Public Seal of the Federation.

37.
• (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall before exercising his functions take and subscribe before the Conference of Rulers and in the presence of the Lord President of the Supreme Court (or in his absence the next senior judge of the Supreme Court available) the oath of office set out in Part 1 of the Fourth Schedule; and the oath shall be attested by two persons appointed for the purpose by the Conference of Rulers.
• (2) The Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall before exercising his functions, other than the functions exercisable for the purpose of convening the Conference of Rulers, take and subscribe before the Conference of Rulers and in the presence of the Lord President of the Supreme Court (or in his absence the next senior judge of the Supreme Court available) the oath of office set out in Part 11 of the Fourth Schedule.
• (3) The said oaths, translated into English, are set out in Part 11 of the Fourth Schedule.
• (4) Any law made under Article 33 (5) shall make provision corresponding (with the necessary modifications) to Clause (2).

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 2 - The Conference of Rulers

38.
• (1) There shall be a Majlis Raja-Raja (Conference of Rulers), which shall be constituted in accordance with the Fifth Schedule.
• (2) The Conference of Rulers shall exercise its functions of -
• (a) electing, in accordance with the provisions of the Third Schedule, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
• (b) agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious acts, observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole;
• (c) consenting or withholding consent to any law and making or giving advice on any appointment which under this Constitution requires the consent of the Conference or is to be made by or after consultation with the Conference,
and may deliberate on questions of national policy (for example changes in immigration policy) and any other matter that it thinks fit.
• (3) When the Conference deliberates on matters of national policy the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be accompanied by the Prime Minister, and the other Rulers and the Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri by their Menteri-Menteri Besar or Chief Ministers; and the deliberations shall be among the functions exercised, ny the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet, and by other Rulers and the Yang di-Pertua -Yang di-Pertua Negeri in accordance with the advice of their Executive Councils.
• (4) No law directly affecting the privileges, position, honours or dignities of the Rulers shall be passed without the consent of the Conference of Rulers.
• (5) The Conference of Rulers shall be consulted before any change in policy affecting administrative action under Article 153 is made.
• (6) The members of the Conference of Rulers may act in their discretion in any proceedings relating to the following functions, that is to say -
• (a) the election or removal from office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the election of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong;
• (b) the advising on any appointment;
• (c) the giving or withholding of consent to any law altering the boundaries of a State or affecting the privileges, position, honours or dignities of the Rulers; or
• (d) the agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious acts, observances or ceremonies to the Federation as a whole.
• (7) (Repealed).

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 3 - The Executive

39. The executive authority of the Federation shall be vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and exercisable, subject to the provisions of any federal law and of the Second Schedule, by him or by the Cabinet or any Minister authorised by the Cabinet, but Parliament amy by law confer executive function on other persons.

40.
• (1) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or federal law and of the Second Schedule, by him or by the Cabinet or any Minister authorised by the Cabinet, but Parliament made by law confer executive function on other persons.

40a.
• (1) In the exercise of his functions under this Constitution or federal law the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or of a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet, except as otherwise provided by this Constitution; but shall be entitled, at his request, to any information concerning the government of the Federation which is available to the Cabinet.
• (2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions, that is to say -
• (a) the appointment of a Prime Minister;
• (b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of Parliament;
• (c) the requisition of a meeting of the Conference of Rulers concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Royal Highnesses, and any action at such a meeting and in any other case mentioned in this Constitution.
• (3) Federal law may make provision for requiring the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to act after consultation with or on the recommendation of any person or body of persons other than the Cabinet in the exercise of any of his functions other than -
• (a) functions exercisable in his discretion;
• (b) functions with respect to the exercise of which provision is made in any other Article.

41. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be the Supreme Commander of the armed forces of the Federation.

42.
(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong has power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of all offences which have been tried by court-martial and all offences committed in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan; and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of a State has power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of all other offences committed in his State.
• (2) Subject to Clause (10), and without prejudice to any provision of federal or State law to remit, suspend or commute sentences for any offence shall be exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong if the sentence was passed by a court-martial or by a civil court exercising jurisdiction in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan and, in any other case, shall be exercisable by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State in which the offence was committed.
• (3) Where an offence was committed wholly or partly outside the Federation or in more than one State or in circumstances which make it doubtful where it was committed, it shall be treated for the purposes of this Article as having been committed in the State in which it was tried. For the purpose of this Clause the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or the Federal Territory of Labuan as the case may be, shall each be regarded as a State.
• (4) The powers mentioned in this Article -
• (a) are, so far as they are exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, among functions with respect to which federal law may make provision under Article 40 (3);
• (b) shall, so far as they are exercisable by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of a State, be exercised on the advice of a Pardons Board constituted for that State in accordance with Clause (5).
• (5) The Pardons Board constituted for each State shall consist of the Attorney General of the Federation, the Chief Minister of the State and not more than three other members, who shall be appointed by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri; but the Attorney General may from time to time by instrument in writing delegate his functions as a member of the Board to any other person, and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri may appoint any person to exercise temporarily the functions of any member of the Board appointed by him who is absent or unable to act.
• (6) The members of a Pardons Board appointed by the Ruler or Yang Dipertua Negeri shall be appointed for a term of three years and shall be eligible for re-appointment, but may at any time resign from the Board.
• (7) A member of the Legislative Assembly of a State or of the House of Representatives shall not be appointed by the Ruler or Yang Dipertua Negeri to be a member of a Pardons Board or to exercise temporarily the functions of such a member.
• (8) The Pardons Board shall meet in the presence of the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri and he shall preside over it.
• (9) Before tendering their advice on any matter a Pardons Board shall consider any written opinion which the Attorney General may have delivered thereon.
• (10) Notwithstanding anything in this Article, the power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites in respect of, to remit, suspend or commute sentences imposed by any court established under any law regulating Islamic religious affairs in the State of Malacca, Peneng, Sabah or Sarawak or the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan shall be exercisable by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as Head of the religion of Islam in the State.
• (11) For the purpose of this Article, there shall be constituted a single Pardons Board for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the Federal territory of Labuan and the provisions of Clauses (5), (6), (7), (8) and (9) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the Pardons Board under this Clause except that reference to "Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri" shall be construed as reference to the Minister responsible for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the Federal Territory of Labuan.

43.
• (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall appoint a Jemaah Menteri (Cabinet of Ministers) to advise him in the exercise of his functions.
• (2) The Cabinet shall be appointed as follows, that is to say -
• (a) the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall first appoint as Perdana Menteri (Prime Minister) to preside over the Cabinet a member of the House of Representative who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House; and
• (b) he shall on the advice of the Prime Minister appoint other Menteri (Ministers) from among the members of either House of Parliament;
but if an appointment is made while parliament is dissolved a person who was a member of the last House of Representatives may be appointed but shall not continue to hold office after the beginning of the next session of Parliament unless, if he has been appointed Prime Minister, he is a member of the new House of Representatives, and in any other case he is a member either of that House or of the Senate.
• (3) The Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to Parliament.
• (4) If the Prime Minister ceases to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the House of Representatives, then, unless at his request the Yang di-Pertuan Agong dissolves Parliament, the Prime Minister shall tender the resignation of the Cabinet.
• (5) Subject to Clause (4), Ministers other than the Prime Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, unless the appointment of any Minister shall have been revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister but any Minister may resign his office.
• (6) Before a Minister exercises the functions of his office he shall take and subscribe in the presence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong the oath of office and allegiance and the oath of secrecy set out in the Sixth Schedule.
• (7) Notwithstanding anything in this Article, a person who is a citizen by naturalization or by registration under Article 17 shall not be appointed Prime Minister.
• (8) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is appointed a minister he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
• (9) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of members of the Cabinet.

43A.
• (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may on the advice of the Prime Minister appoint Deputy Ministers from among the members of either House of Parliament; but if an appointment is made while Parliament is dissolved a person who was a member of the last House of Representatives may be appointed but shall not hold office after the beginning of the next session of Parliament unless he is a member either of that House or of the Senate.
• (2) Deputy Ministers shall assist Ministers in the Ministers in the discharge of their duties and functions, and for such purpose shall have all the powers of Ministers.
• (3) The provisions of Clauses (5), (6) and (8) of Article 43 shall apply to Deputy Ministers as they apply to Ministers.
• (4) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of Deputy Ministers.

43B.
• (1) The Prime Minister may appoint Parliamentary Secretaries from among the members of either House of Parliament; but if an appointment is made while Parliament is dissolved, a person who was a member of the last House of Representatives may be appointed, but shall not hold office after the beginning of the next session of Parliament unless he is a member either of that House or of the Senate.
• (2) Parliamentary Secretaries shall assist Ministers and Deputy Ministers in the discharge of their duties and functions, and for such purpose shall have all the powers of Ministers and Deputy Ministers.
• (3) A Parliamentary Secretary may at any time resign his office, and his appointment as such may be determined at any time by the Prime Minister.
• (4) Before a Parliamentary Secretary exercises the functions of his office he shall take and subscribe in the presence of the Prime Minister the oath of secrecy set out in the Sixth Schedule.
• (5) Parliament shall by law make provision for the renumeration of Parliamentary Secretaries.

43C.
• (1) The Prime Minister may appoint such number of persons as he may think fit to be Political Secretaries.
• (2) A person appointed as a Political Secretary by virtue of this Article-
• (a) need not be a member of either House of Parliament;
• (b) may resign his office at any time;
• (c) subject to paragraph (b), shall continue in office until such time as his appointment is determined by the Prime Minister.
• (3) The provisions of Clause (4) of Article 43B shall apply to Political Secretaries as they apply to Parliamentary Secretaries.
• (4) The duties and functions of Political Secretaries, and their renumeration, shall be determined by the Cabinet.

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 4- Federal Legislature

44. The legislative authority of the Federation shall be vested in a Parliament, which shall consist of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and two Majlis (Houses of Parliament) to be known as the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives).

45.
• (1) Subject to Clause (4), the Senate shall consist of elected and appointed members as follows:
• (a) two members for each State shall be elected in accordance with the Seventh Schedule; and
• (aa) two members for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and one member for the Federal Territory of Labuan shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; and
• (b) forty members shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
• (2) The members to be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be persons who in his opinion have rendered distinguished public service or have achieved distinction in the professions, commerce, industry, agriculture, cultural activities or social service or are representative of racial minorities or are capable of representing the interests of aborigines.
• (3) The term of office of a member of the Senate shall, subject to the provisions of the Seventh Schedule, be three years and shall not be affected by a dissolution of Parliament.
• (3A) A member of the Senate shall not hold office for more than two terms either continuously or otherwise:
Provided that where a person who has already completed two or more terms of office as a member of the Senate is immediately before the coming into force of this Clause a member of this Clause a member of the Senate, he may continue to serve as such member for the remainder of his term.
• (4) Parliament may by law -
• (a) increase to three the number of members to be elected for each State;
• (b) provide that the members to be elected for each State shall be elected by the direct vote of the electors of that State;
• (c) decrease the number of appointed members or abolish appointed members.

46.
• (1) The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and eighty elected members.
• (2) There shall be -
• (a) one hundred and seventy-two members from the States in Malaysia as follows -
• (i) eighteen members from Johore;
• (ii) fourteen members from Kedah;
• (iii) thirteen members from Kelantan;
• (iv) five members from Malacca;
• (v) seven members from Negeri Sembilan;
• (vi) ten members from Pahang;
• (vii) eleven members from Penang;
• (viii) twenty-three members from Perak
• (ix) two members form Perlis;
• (x) twenty members from Sabah;
• (xi) twenty-seven members from Sarawak;
• (xii) fourteen members from Selangor;
• (xiii) eight members from Trengganu; and
• (b) eight members from the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan as follows -
• (i) seven members from the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur;
• (ii) one member from the Federal Territory of Labuan.

47. Every citizen resident in the Federation is qualified to be a member -
• (a) of the Senate, if he is not less than thirty years old;
• (b) of the House of Representatives, if he is not less than twenty-one years old,
unless he is disqualified for being a member by this Constitution or by law made in pursuance of Article 48.

48.
• (1) Subject to the provisions of this Article, a person is disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if -
• (a) he is and has been found or declared to be of unsound mind; or
• (b) he is an undischarged bankrupt; or
• (c) he holds an office of profit; or
• (d) having been nominated for election to either House of Parliament or to the Legislative Assembly of a State, or having acted as election agent to a person so nominated, he has failed to lodge any return of election expenses required by law within the time and in the manner so required; or
• (e) he has been convicted of an offence by a court of law in the Federation (or, before Malaysia Day, in the territories comprised in the State of Sabah or Sarawak or in Singapore) and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a fine of not less than two thousand ringgit and has not received a free pardon; or
• (f) he has voluntarily acquired citizenship of, or exercised rights of citizenship in, any country outside the Federation or has made a declaration of allegiance to any country outside the Federation.
• (2) Federal law may impose, for such periods as may be specified thereby, disqualification for membership of either House of Parliament on persons committing offences in connection with elections; and any person who has been convicted of such an offence or has in proceedings relating to an election been proved guilty of an act constituting such an offence, shall be disqualified accordingly for a period so specified.
• (3) The disqualification of a person under paragraph (d) or paragraph (e) of Clause (1) may be removed by the Yang di-pertuan Agong and shall, if not so removed, cease at the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the return mentioned in the said paragraph (d) was required to be lodged, or, as the case may be, the date on which the person convicted as mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was released from custody or the date on which the fine mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was imposed on such person and a person shall not be disqualified under paragraph (f) of clause (1) by reason only of anything done by him before he became a citizen.
• (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this Article, where a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified from continuing to be a member thereof pursuant to paragraph (e) of Clause (1) or under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2) -
• (a) the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which he was -
• (i) convicted and sentenced as specified in the aforesaid paragraph (e); or
• (ii) convicted of an offence or proved guilty of an act under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2); or
• (b) if within the period of fourteen days specified in paragraph (a) an appeal or any other court proceedings is brought in respect of such conviction or sentence,or in respect of being so convicted or proved guilty, as the case may be, the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which such appeal or other court proceedings is disposed of by the court; or
• (c) if within the period specified in paragraph (a) or the period after the disposal of the appeal or other court proceedings specified in paragraph (b) there is filed a petition for a pardon, such disqualification shall take effect immediately upon the petition being disposed of.
• (5) Clause (4) shall not apply for the purpose nomination, election or appointment of any person to either House of Parliament, for which purpose the disqualification shall take effect immediately upon the occurrence of the event referred to in paragraph (e) of Clause (1) or in Clause (2), as the case may be.

49. A person shall not at the same time be a member of both Houses of parliament, nor be elected to the House of Representatives for more than one constituency or to the Senate for more than one State, nor be both an elected and an appointed member of the Senate.

50.
• (1) If a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified for membership of that House his seat shall become vacant.
• (2) If a person disqualified for being a member of the House of Representatives is elected to that House or if a person disqualified for being a member of the Senate is elected or appointed to the Senate or if an election or appointment to either House is contrary to Article 49, the election or appointment shall be avoid.
• (3) (Repealed)
• (4) A person cannot be validly nominated for election to membership of either House or appointed to the Senate without his consent.

51. A member of either House of Parliament may resign his membership by writing under his hand addressed, if he is a member of the Senate, to the President of the Senate, and if a member of the House of Representatives, to the Speaker of that House.

52.
• (1) If a member of either House of Parliament is without the leave of the House absent from every sitting of the House for a period of six months the House may declare his seat vacant.
• (2) A member of either House of Parliament who has been granted leave of absence from the sittings of the House of which he is a member shall not, for the duration of such leave, participate in any manner in the affairs and business of that House.

53.
• (1) If any question arises whether a member of a House of Parliament has become disqualified for membership, the decision of that House shall be taken and shall be final:
Provided that this Article shall not be taken to prevent the practice of the House postponing a decision in order to allow for the taking or determination of any proceedings that may affect the decision (including proceedings for the removal of the disqualification).
• (2) Where a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified under paragraph (e) of Clause (1) of Article 48 or under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2) of Article 48, Clause (1) shall not apply and he shall cease to be a member of that House, and his seat shall become vacant, immediately upon his disqualification taking effect in accordance with Clause (4) of Article 48.

54.
• (1) Save as provided under Clause (3) whenever there is a vacancy among members of the Senate or a casual vacancy among members of the House of Representatives such vacancy or casual vacancy shall be filled within sixty days from the date on which it is established by the Election Commission that there is a vacancy, and an election shall be held or an appointment made accordingly:
Provided that failure to make any such appointment within the period specified in this Clause shall not invalidate any appointment made out of time:
Provided further, if a casual vacancy in the House of Representatives is established on a date within six months of the date Parliament shall, in accordance with Clause (3) of Article 55, stand dissolved, such casual vacancy shall not be filled.
• (2) (Repealed).
• (3) Where a vacancy among members of the Senate relates to a vacancy which shall be filled by a member who shall be elected by a State in accordance with the Seventh Schedule, the provisions of Clause (1) shall not apply to the filling of such vacancy.

55.
• (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall from time to time summon Parliament and shall not allow six months to elapse between the last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first meeting in the next session.
• (2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may prorogue or dissolve Parliament.
• (3) Parliament unless sooner dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting and shall then stand dissolved.
• (4) Whenever Parliament is dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of the dissolution and Parliament shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than one hundred and twenty days from that date.
• (5) A Bill pending in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation of Parliament.
• (6) A Bill pending reconsideration by Parliament in pursuance of Clause (4A) of Article 66 shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation or dissolution of Parliament.
• (7) A Bill pending the assent of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Clause (4) (a) or Clause (4A) of Article 66 shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation or dissolution of Parliament.

56.
• (1) The Senate shall from time to time choose one of its members to be Yang di-Pertua Dewan Negara (President of the Senate) and one to be Deputy President of the Senate, and shall, subject to Clause (3), transact no business while the office of President is vacant other than the election of a President.
• (2) A member holding office as President or Deputy President shall cease to hold his office on the expiry of the term for which he was elected or appointed a member or on otherwise ceasing to be a member of the Senate, or upon being disqualified under Clause (5), and may at any time resign his office.
• (3) During any vacancy in the office of President or during any absence of the President from any sitting, the Deputy President or, if the Deputy President is also absent or if his office is also vacant, such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Senate, shall act as President.
• (4) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is chosen to be President he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
• (5) A member who is elected to be President shall be disqualified from holding office if after three months of his election to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any renumeration, reward, profit to benefit from it:
provided that such disqualification shall not apply where an organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any renumeration, reward, pr ofit or benefit from it.
• (6) Where any question arises regarding the disqualification of the President under Clause (5) the decision of the Senate shall be taken and shall be final.

57.
• (1) The House of Representatives shall from time to time elect -
• (a) as Yang di-Pertua Dewan Rakyat (Speaker), a person who either is a member of the House or is qualified for election as such a member, and
• (b) two Deputy Speakers from among members of the House;
and the House shall, subject to Clause (3), transact no business while the office of Speaker is vacant other than the election of a Speaker.
• (1A) Any person elected as Speaker who is not a member of the House of Representatives -
• (a) shall before he enters upon the duties of his office, take and subscribe before the House the oath of office and allegiance set out in the Sixth Schedule; and
• (b) shall, by virtue of holding his office, be a member of the House additional to the members elected pursuant to Article 46:
Provided that paragraph (b) shall not have effect for the purposes of any of the following provisions of this Constitution, that is to say, Articles 43, 43A, 43B, 50 to 52, 54 and 59; and no person shall be entitled by virtue of that paragraph to vote on any matter before the House.
• (2) The Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and shall vacate his office -
• (a) when the House first meets after a general election;
• (b) on his ceasing to be a member of the House otherwise than by reason of a dissolution thereof or, if he is a member by virtue only of paragraph (b) of Clause (1A), on his ceasing to be qualified to be a member;
• (bb) upon being disqualified under Clause (5);
• (c) if the House at any time so resolves.
• (2) A Deputy Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and shall vacate his office -
• (a) on his ceasing to be a member of the House;
• (b) if the House at any time so resolves.
• (3) During any vacancy in the office of the Speaker or during any absence of the Speaker from any sitting, otherwise than by reason of the House first meeting after a general election, one of the Deputy Speakers or, if both the Deputy Speakers are absent or if both their offices are vacant, such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the House, shall act as Speaker.
• (4) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is chosen to be Speaker he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
• (5) A person who is elected to be Speaker shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his election to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any renumeration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any renumeration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
• (6) Where any question arises regarding the disqualification of the Speaker under Clause (5) the decision of the House of Representatives shall be taken and shall be final.

58. Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of the President and Deputy President of the Senate and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives, and the remuneration so provided for the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

59.
• (1) Every member of either House of Parliament shall before taking his seat take and subscribe before the person presiding in the House an oath in the form set out in the Sixth Schedule, but a member may before taking that oath take part in the election of a President of the Senate or Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• (2) If a member has not taken his seat within six months from the date on which the House first sits after his election or such further time as the House may allow, his seat shall become vacant.

60. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may address either House of Parliament or both Houses jointly.

61.
• (1) In addition to his rights as a member of one of the Houses of Parliament every member of the Cabinet shall have the right to take part in the proceedings of the other House.
• (2) Either House of Parliament may appoint as a member of any of its committees the Attorney General or any member of the Cabinet notwithstanding that he is not a member of that House.
• (3) This Article does not authorize any person who is not a member of a House to vote in that House or any of its committees.
• (4) In this Article "member of the Cabinet" includes a Deputy Minister and a Parliamentary Secretary.

62.
• (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of federal law, each House of Parliament shall regulate its own procedure.
• (2) Each House may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership, and the presence or participation of any person not entitled thereto shall not invalidate any proceedings.
• (3) Subject to Clause (4) and to Articles 89 (1) and 159 (3) and to sections 10 and 11 of the Thirteenth Schedule, each House shall, if not unanimous, take its decision by a simple majority of members voting; and the person presiding shall unless he is a member of the House by virtue only of paragraph (b) of Clause (1A) of Article 57 cast his vote whenever necessary to avoid an equality of votes, but shall not vote in any other case.
• (4) In regulating its procedure each House may provide, as respects any decision relating to its proceedings, that it shall not be made except by a specified majority or by a specified number of votes.
• (5) Member absent from a House shall not be allowed to vote.

63.
• (1) The validity of any proceedings in either House of Parliament or any committee thereof shall not be questioned in any court.
• (2) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him when taking part in any proceedings of either House of Parliament or any committee thereof.
• (3) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything published by or under the authority of either House of Parliament.
• (4) Clause (2) shall not apply to any person charged with an offence under the law passed by Parliament under Clause (4) of Article 10 or with an offence under the Sedition Act 1948 as amended by the Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 45, 1970.

64. Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of members of each House.

65.
• (1) There shall be a Clerk to the Senate and a Clerk to the House of Representatives.
• (2) The Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and, subject to Clause (3), each shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty years or such other age as Parliament may by law provide, unless he sooner resigns his office:
Provided that this Clause shall not be taken to prevent the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from making the appointment from amongst the members of the public services to which Part X applies for such shorter period as he may deem fir, and this proviso shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day.
• (3) The Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives may be removed from office on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court, except that the representation mentioned in Article 125 (3) shall be a representation made by the President of the Senate or, as the case may be, the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• (4) Except as otherwise expressly provided by this Article, the qualifications for appointment and condition of service of the Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives, and of member of the staff of the Houses of Parliament, may be regulated by federal law.
• (5) The Clerk to the Senate, the Clerk to the House of Representatives and member of the staff of Parliament are disqualified for being members of either House of Parliament or the Legislative Assembly of any State.

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 5 - Legislative procedure

66.
• (1) The power of Parliament to make laws shall be exercised by Bills passed by both Houses (or, in the cases mentioned in Article 68, the House of Representatives) and, except as otherwise provided in this Article, assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
• (2) Subject to Article 67, a Bill may originate in either House.
? (3) When a Bill has been passed by the House in which it originated it shall be sent to the other House; and it shall be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent when it has been passed by the other House and agreement has been reached between the two Houses and any amendments made in it or when it is required to be so presented under Article 68.
• (4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall within thirty days after a Bill is presented to him -
• (a) assent to the Bill by causing the Public Seal to be affixed thereto; or
• (b) if it is not a money Bill, return the Bill to the House in which it originated with a statement of the reasons for his objection to the Bill, or to any provision thereof.
• (4A) If the Yang di-Pertuan Agong returns a Bill to the House in which it originated in accordance with Clause (4) (b), the House shall as soon as possible proceed to reconsider the Bill. If after such reconsideration the Bill is passed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of that House in the case of a Bill for making any amendment to the Constitution other than any amendment excepted pursuant to Article 159, and by a simple majority in the case of any other Bill, with or without amendment, it shall be sent together with the objections to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if similarly approved by members of that House, the Bill shall again be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for assent and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall give his assent thereto within thirty days after the Bill is presented to him.
• (4B) If a Bill is not assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong within the time specified in Clause (4) (a) or (4A) hereof, it shall become law at the expiration of the time as specified in Clause (4) (a) or (4A), as the case may be, in the like manner as if he had assented to it.
• (5) A Bill shall become law on being assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or as provided in Clause (4B), but no law shall come into force until it has been published, without prejudice, however, to the power of Parliament to postpone the operation of any law or to make laws with retrospective effect.
• (6) Nothing in this Article or in Article 68 shall invalidate any law confirming an undertaking given by the Federal Government to the effect that a Bill to which the undertaking relates shall not be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent except in accordance with the undertaking.

67.
• (1) A Bill or amendment making provision (whether directly or indirectly) for -
• (a) imposing or increasing any tax or abolishing, reducing or remitting any existing tax;
• (b) the borrowing of money, or the giving of any guarantee, by the Federation, or the amendment of the law relating to the financial obligations of the Federation;
• (c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund, the charging of any money on the Consolidated Fund or the abolition or alteration of any such charge;
• (d) the payment of moneys into the Consolidated Fund of the payment, issue or withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of any moneys not charged thereon, or any increase in the amount of such a payment, issue or withdrawal;
• (e) the compounding or remission of any debt due to the Federation;
• (f) the assignment of a tax or fee or the making of a grant to any State;
• (g) the receipt of moneys on account of the Consolidated Fund or the custody or issue of such moneys or the audit of the accounts of the Federation or a State;
being provision as respects which the Minister charged with responsibility for finance signifies that it goes beyond what is incidental only and not of a substantial nature having regard to the purposes of the Bill or amendment shall not be introduced or moved except by a Minister, and a Bill making any such provision shall not be introduced in the Senate.
• (2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the said matters by reason only that it provides -
• (a) for the imposition or alteration of any fine or other pecuniary penalty or for the payment or demand of a licence fee or a fee or charge for any service rendered; or
• (b) for the imposition, alteration or regulation of any tax or rate by any local authority or body for local purposes.

68.
• (1) Where a money Bill is passed by the House of Representatives and, having been sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the session, is not passed by the Senate without amendment within a month, it shall be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent unless the House of Representatives otherwise directs.
• (2) Where -
• (a) a Bill which is not a money Bill is passed by the House of Representatives and, having been sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the sessions, is not passed by the Senate or is passed by the Senate with amendments to which the House of Representatives does not agree; and
• (b) in the following session (whether of the same Parliament or not) but not earlier than one year after it was first passed by the House of Representatives the same Bill, with no other alterations than those mentioned in Clause (3), is passed again by the House of Representatives and sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the session and is not passed by the Senate or is passed by the Senate with amendments to which the House of Representatives does not agree,
the Bill shall, unless the House of Representatives otherwise, directs, be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent with such amendments, if any, as may have been agreed to by both Houses.
• (3) The alterations referred to in Clause (2) are alterations certified by the Speaker of the House of Representatives to be necessary owing to the time which has elapsed since the Bill was passed in the earlier session or to represent amendments made in that session by the Senate.
• (4) When a Bill is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in pursuance of this Article it shall bear a certificate of the Speaker of the House of Representatives that the provisions of this Article have been complied with, and that certificate shall be conclusive for all purposes and shall not be questioned in any court.
• (5) This Article does not apply to any Bill for making any amendment to this Constitution, other than an amendment excepted from the provisions of Article 159 (3).
• (6) In this Article "money Bill" means a Bill which, containing in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Representatives only provision dealing with all or any of the following matters, that is to say -
• (a) the matters mentioned in Article 67 (1) or the regulation of any tax;
• (b) the reduction of any such amount as is mentioned in paragraph (d) of Article 67 (1); and
• (c) any matter incidental to those matters or any of them, is certified by him as a money Bill.

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 4- Federal Legislature

44. The legislative authority of the Federation shall be vested in a Parliament, which shall consist of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and two Majlis (Houses of Parliament) to be known as the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives).

45.
• (1) Subject to Clause (4), the Senate shall consist of elected and appointed members as follows:
• (a) two members for each State shall be elected in accordance with the Seventh Schedule; and
• (aa) two members for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and one member for the Federal Territory of Labuan shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; and
• (b) forty members shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
• (2) The members to be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall be persons who in his opinion have rendered distinguished public service or have achieved distinction in the professions, commerce, industry, agriculture, cultural activities or social service or are representative of racial minorities or are capable of representing the interests of aborigines.
• (3) The term of office of a member of the Senate shall, subject to the provisions of the Seventh Schedule, be three years and shall not be affected by a dissolution of Parliament.
• (3A) A member of the Senate shall not hold office for more than two terms either continuously or otherwise:
Provided that where a person who has already completed two or more terms of office as a member of the Senate is immediately before the coming into force of this Clause a member of this Clause a member of the Senate, he may continue to serve as such member for the remainder of his term.
• (4) Parliament may by law -
• (a) increase to three the number of members to be elected for each State;
• (b) provide that the members to be elected for each State shall be elected by the direct vote of the electors of that State;
• (c) decrease the number of appointed members or abolish appointed members.

46.
• (1) The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and eighty elected members.
• (2) There shall be -
• (a) one hundred and seventy-two members from the States in Malaysia as follows -
• (i) eighteen members from Johore;
• (ii) fourteen members from Kedah;
• (iii) thirteen members from Kelantan;
• (iv) five members from Malacca;
• (v) seven members from Negeri Sembilan;
• (vi) ten members from Pahang;
• (vii) eleven members from Penang;
• (viii) twenty-three members from Perak
• (ix) two members form Perlis;
• (x) twenty members from Sabah;
• (xi) twenty-seven members from Sarawak;
• (xii) fourteen members from Selangor;
• (xiii) eight members from Trengganu; and
• (b) eight members from the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan as follows -
• (i) seven members from the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur;
• (ii) one member from the Federal Territory of Labuan.

47. Every citizen resident in the Federation is qualified to be a member -
• (a) of the Senate, if he is not less than thirty years old;
• (b) of the House of Representatives, if he is not less than twenty-one years old,
unless he is disqualified for being a member by this Constitution or by law made in pursuance of Article 48.

48.
• (1) Subject to the provisions of this Article, a person is disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if -
• (a) he is and has been found or declared to be of unsound mind; or
• (b) he is an undischarged bankrupt; or
• (c) he holds an office of profit; or
• (d) having been nominated for election to either House of Parliament or to the Legislative Assembly of a State, or having acted as election agent to a person so nominated, he has failed to lodge any return of election expenses required by law within the time and in the manner so required; or
• (e) he has been convicted of an offence by a court of law in the Federation (or, before Malaysia Day, in the territories comprised in the State of Sabah or Sarawak or in Singapore) and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a fine of not less than two thousand ringgit and has not received a free pardon; or
• (f) he has voluntarily acquired citizenship of, or exercised rights of citizenship in, any country outside the Federation or has made a declaration of allegiance to any country outside the Federation.
• (2) Federal law may impose, for such periods as may be specified thereby, disqualification for membership of either House of Parliament on persons committing offences in connection with elections; and any person who has been convicted of such an offence or has in proceedings relating to an election been proved guilty of an act constituting such an offence, shall be disqualified accordingly for a period so specified.
• (3) The disqualification of a person under paragraph (d) or paragraph (e) of Clause (1) may be removed by the Yang di-pertuan Agong and shall, if not so removed, cease at the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the return mentioned in the said paragraph (d) was required to be lodged, or, as the case may be, the date on which the person convicted as mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was released from custody or the date on which the fine mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was imposed on such person and a person shall not be disqualified under paragraph (f) of clause (1) by reason only of anything done by him before he became a citizen.
• (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this Article, where a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified from continuing to be a member thereof pursuant to paragraph (e) of Clause (1) or under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2) -
• (a) the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which he was -
• (i) convicted and sentenced as specified in the aforesaid paragraph (e); or
• (ii) convicted of an offence or proved guilty of an act under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2); or
• (b) if within the period of fourteen days specified in paragraph (a) an appeal or any other court proceedings is brought in respect of such conviction or sentence,or in respect of being so convicted or proved guilty, as the case may be, the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which such appeal or other court proceedings is disposed of by the court; or
• (c) if within the period specified in paragraph (a) or the period after the disposal of the appeal or other court proceedings specified in paragraph (b) there is filed a petition for a pardon, such disqualification shall take effect immediately upon the petition being disposed of.
• (5) Clause (4) shall not apply for the purpose nomination, election or appointment of any person to either House of Parliament, for which purpose the disqualification shall take effect immediately upon the occurrence of the event referred to in paragraph (e) of Clause (1) or in Clause (2), as the case may be.

49. A person shall not at the same time be a member of both Houses of parliament, nor be elected to the House of Representatives for more than one constituency or to the Senate for more than one State, nor be both an elected and an appointed member of the Senate.

50.
• (1) If a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified for membership of that House his seat shall become vacant.
• (2) If a person disqualified for being a member of the House of Representatives is elected to that House or if a person disqualified for being a member of the Senate is elected or appointed to the Senate or if an election or appointment to either House is contrary to Article 49, the election or appointment shall be avoid.
• (3) (Repealed)
• (4) A person cannot be validly nominated for election to membership of either House or appointed to the Senate without his consent.

51. A member of either House of Parliament may resign his membership by writing under his hand addressed, if he is a member of the Senate, to the President of the Senate, and if a member of the House of Representatives, to the Speaker of that House.

52.
• (1) If a member of either House of Parliament is without the leave of the House absent from every sitting of the House for a period of six months the House may declare his seat vacant.
• (2) A member of either House of Parliament who has been granted leave of absence from the sittings of the House of which he is a member shall not, for the duration of such leave, participate in any manner in the affairs and business of that House.

53.
• (1) If any question arises whether a member of a House of Parliament has become disqualified for membership, the decision of that House shall be taken and shall be final:
Provided that this Article shall not be taken to prevent the practice of the House postponing a decision in order to allow for the taking or determination of any proceedings that may affect the decision (including proceedings for the removal of the disqualification).
• (2) Where a member of either House of Parliament becomes disqualified under paragraph (e) of Clause (1) of Article 48 or under a federal law made in pursuance of Clause (2) of Article 48, Clause (1) shall not apply and he shall cease to be a member of that House, and his seat shall become vacant, immediately upon his disqualification taking effect in accordance with Clause (4) of Article 48.

54.
• (1) Save as provided under Clause (3) whenever there is a vacancy among members of the Senate or a casual vacancy among members of the House of Representatives such vacancy or casual vacancy shall be filled within sixty days from the date on which it is established by the Election Commission that there is a vacancy, and an election shall be held or an appointment made accordingly:
Provided that failure to make any such appointment within the period specified in this Clause shall not invalidate any appointment made out of time:
Provided further, if a casual vacancy in the House of Representatives is established on a date within six months of the date Parliament shall, in accordance with Clause (3) of Article 55, stand dissolved, such casual vacancy shall not be filled.
• (2) (Repealed).
• (3) Where a vacancy among members of the Senate relates to a vacancy which shall be filled by a member who shall be elected by a State in accordance with the Seventh Schedule, the provisions of Clause (1) shall not apply to the filling of such vacancy.

55.
• (1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall from time to time summon Parliament and shall not allow six months to elapse between the last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first meeting in the next session.
• (2) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may prorogue or dissolve Parliament.
• (3) Parliament unless sooner dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting and shall then stand dissolved.
• (4) Whenever Parliament is dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of the dissolution and Parliament shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than one hundred and twenty days from that date.
• (5) A Bill pending in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation of Parliament.
• (6) A Bill pending reconsideration by Parliament in pursuance of Clause (4A) of Article 66 shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation or dissolution of Parliament.
• (7) A Bill pending the assent of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Clause (4) (a) or Clause (4A) of Article 66 shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation or dissolution of Parliament.

56.
• (1) The Senate shall from time to time choose one of its members to be Yang di-Pertua Dewan Negara (President of the Senate) and one to be Deputy President of the Senate, and shall, subject to Clause (3), transact no business while the office of President is vacant other than the election of a President.
• (2) A member holding office as President or Deputy President shall cease to hold his office on the expiry of the term for which he was elected or appointed a member or on otherwise ceasing to be a member of the Senate, or upon being disqualified under Clause (5), and may at any time resign his office.
• (3) During any vacancy in the office of President or during any absence of the President from any sitting, the Deputy President or, if the Deputy President is also absent or if his office is also vacant, such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Senate, shall act as President.
• (4) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is chosen to be President he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
• (5) A member who is elected to be President shall be disqualified from holding office if after three months of his election to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any renumeration, reward, profit to benefit from it:
provided that such disqualification shall not apply where an organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any renumeration, reward, pr ofit or benefit from it.
• (6) Where any question arises regarding the disqualification of the President under Clause (5) the decision of the Senate shall be taken and shall be final.

57.
• (1) The House of Representatives shall from time to time elect -
• (a) as Yang di-Pertua Dewan Rakyat (Speaker), a person who either is a member of the House or is qualified for election as such a member, and
• (b) two Deputy Speakers from among members of the House;
and the House shall, subject to Clause (3), transact no business while the office of Speaker is vacant other than the election of a Speaker.
• (1A) Any person elected as Speaker who is not a member of the House of Representatives -
• (a) shall before he enters upon the duties of his office, take and subscribe before the House the oath of office and allegiance set out in the Sixth Schedule; and
• (b) shall, by virtue of holding his office, be a member of the House additional to the members elected pursuant to Article 46:
Provided that paragraph (b) shall not have effect for the purposes of any of the following provisions of this Constitution, that is to say, Articles 43, 43A, 43B, 50 to 52, 54 and 59; and no person shall be entitled by virtue of that paragraph to vote on any matter before the House.
• (2) The Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and shall vacate his office -
• (a) when the House first meets after a general election;
• (b) on his ceasing to be a member of the House otherwise than by reason of a dissolution thereof or, if he is a member by virtue only of paragraph (b) of Clause (1A), on his ceasing to be qualified to be a member;
• (bb) upon being disqualified under Clause (5);
• (c) if the House at any time so resolves.
• (2) A Deputy Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and shall vacate his office -
• (a) on his ceasing to be a member of the House;
• (b) if the House at any time so resolves.
• (3) During any vacancy in the office of the Speaker or during any absence of the Speaker from any sitting, otherwise than by reason of the House first meeting after a general election, one of the Deputy Speakers or, if both the Deputy Speakers are absent or if both their offices are vacant, such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the House, shall act as Speaker.
• (4) If a member of the Legislative Assembly of a State is chosen to be Speaker he shall resign from the Assembly before exercising the functions of his office.
• (5) A person who is elected to be Speaker shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his election to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any renumeration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any renumeration, reward, profit or benefit from it.
• (6) Where any question arises regarding the disqualification of the Speaker under Clause (5) the decision of the House of Representatives shall be taken and shall be final.

58. Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of the President and Deputy President of the Senate and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives, and the remuneration so provided for the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

59.
• (1) Every member of either House of Parliament shall before taking his seat take and subscribe before the person presiding in the House an oath in the form set out in the Sixth Schedule, but a member may before taking that oath take part in the election of a President of the Senate or Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• (2) If a member has not taken his seat within six months from the date on which the House first sits after his election or such further time as the House may allow, his seat shall become vacant.

60. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may address either House of Parliament or both Houses jointly.

Article number: 61

61.
• (1) In addition to his rights as a member of one of the Houses of Parliament every member of the Cabinet shall have the right to take part in the proceedings of the other House.
• (2) Either House of Parliament may appoint as a member of any of its committees the Attorney General or any member of the Cabinet notwithstanding that he is not a member of that House.
• (3) This Article does not authorize any person who is not a member of a House to vote in that House or any of its committees.
• (4) In this Article "member of the Cabinet" includes a Deputy Minister and a Parliamentary Secretary.

Article number: 62

62.
• (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of federal law, each House of Parliament shall regulate its own procedure.
• (2) Each House may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership, and the presence or participation of any person not entitled thereto shall not invalidate any proceedings.
• (3) Subject to Clause (4) and to Articles 89 (1) and 159 (3) and to sections 10 and 11 of the Thirteenth Schedule, each House shall, if not unanimous, take its decision by a simple majority of members voting; and the person presiding shall unless he is a member of the House by virtue only of paragraph (b) of Clause (1A) of Article 57 cast his vote whenever necessary to avoid an equality of votes, but shall not vote in any other case.
• (4) In regulating its procedure each House may provide, as respects any decision relating to its proceedings, that it shall not be made except by a specified majority or by a specified number of votes.
• (5) Member absent from a House shall not be allowed to vote.

Article number: 63

63.
• (1) The validity of any proceedings in either House of Parliament or any committee thereof shall not be questioned in any court.
• (2) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him when taking part in any proceedings of either House of Parliament or any committee thereof.
• (3) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything published by or under the authority of either House of Parliament.
• (4) Clause (2) shall not apply to any person charged with an offence under the law passed by Parliament under Clause (4) of Article 10 or with an offence under the Sedition Act 1948 as amended by the Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 45, 1970.

Article number: 64

64. Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of members of each House.

Article number: 65

65.
• (1) There shall be a Clerk to the Senate and a Clerk to the House of Representatives.
• (2) The Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and, subject to Clause (3), each shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty years or such other age as Parliament may by law provide, unless he sooner resigns his office:
Provided that this Clause shall not be taken to prevent the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from making the appointment from amongst the members of the public services to which Part X applies for such shorter period as he may deem fir, and this proviso shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as from Merdeka Day.
• (3) The Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives may be removed from office on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court, except that the representation mentioned in Article 125 (3) shall be a representation made by the President of the Senate or, as the case may be, the Speaker of the House of Representatives.
• (4) Except as otherwise expressly provided by this Article, the qualifications for appointment and condition of service of the Clerk to the Senate and the Clerk to the House of Representatives, and of member of the staff of the Houses of Parliament, may be regulated by federal law.
• (5) The Clerk to the Senate, the Clerk to the House of Representatives and member of the staff of Parliament are disqualified for being members of either House of Parliament or the Legislative Assembly of any State.

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 5 - Legislative procedure

Article number: 66

66.
• (1) The power of Parliament to make laws shall be exercised by Bills passed by both Houses (or, in the cases mentioned in Article 68, the House of Representatives) and, except as otherwise provided in this Article, assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
• (2) Subject to Article 67, a Bill may originate in either House.
? (3) When a Bill has been passed by the House in which it originated it shall be sent to the other House; and it shall be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent when it has been passed by the other House and agreement has been reached between the two Houses and any amendments made in it or when it is required to be so presented under Article 68.
• (4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall within thirty days after a Bill is presented to him -
• (a) assent to the Bill by causing the Public Seal to be affixed thereto; or
• (b) if it is not a money Bill, return the Bill to the House in which it originated with a statement of the reasons for his objection to the Bill, or to any provision thereof.
• (4A) If the Yang di-Pertuan Agong returns a Bill to the House in which it originated in accordance with Clause (4) (b), the House shall as soon as possible proceed to reconsider the Bill. If after such reconsideration the Bill is passed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of that House in the case of a Bill for making any amendment to the Constitution other than any amendment excepted pursuant to Article 159, and by a simple majority in the case of any other Bill, with or without amendment, it shall be sent together with the objections to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if similarly approved by members of that House, the Bill shall again be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for assent and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall give his assent thereto within thirty days after the Bill is presented to him.
• (4B) If a Bill is not assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong within the time specified in Clause (4) (a) or (4A) hereof, it shall become law at the expiration of the time as specified in Clause (4) (a) or (4A), as the case may be, in the like manner as if he had assented to it.
• (5) A Bill shall become law on being assented to by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or as provided in Clause (4B), but no law shall come into force until it has been published, without prejudice, however, to the power of Parliament to postpone the operation of any law or to make laws with retrospective effect.
• (6) Nothing in this Article or in Article 68 shall invalidate any law confirming an undertaking given by the Federal Government to the effect that a Bill to which the undertaking relates shall not be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent except in accordance with the undertaking.

Article number: 67

67.
• (1) A Bill or amendment making provision (whether directly or indirectly) for -
• (a) imposing or increasing any tax or abolishing, reducing or remitting any existing tax;
• (b) the borrowing of money, or the giving of any guarantee, by the Federation, or the amendment of the law relating to the financial obligations of the Federation;
• (c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund, the charging of any money on the Consolidated Fund or the abolition or alteration of any such charge;
• (d) the payment of moneys into the Consolidated Fund of the payment, issue or withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of any moneys not charged thereon, or any increase in the amount of such a payment, issue or withdrawal;
• (e) the compounding or remission of any debt due to the Federation;
• (f) the assignment of a tax or fee or the making of a grant to any State;
• (g) the receipt of moneys on account of the Consolidated Fund or the custody or issue of such moneys or the audit of the accounts of the Federation or a State;
being provision as respects which the Minister charged with responsibility for finance signifies that it goes beyond what is incidental only and not of a substantial nature having regard to the purposes of the Bill or amendment shall not be introduced or moved except by a Minister, and a Bill making any such provision shall not be introduced in the Senate.
• (2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the said matters by reason only that it provides -
• (a) for the imposition or alteration of any fine or other pecuniary penalty or for the payment or demand of a licence fee or a fee or charge for any service rendered; or
• (b) for the imposition, alteration or regulation of any tax or rate by any local authority or body for local purposes.

Article number: 68

68.
• (1) Where a money Bill is passed by the House of Representatives and, having been sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the session, is not passed by the Senate without amendment within a month, it shall be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent unless the House of Representatives otherwise directs.
• (2) Where -
• (a) a Bill which is not a money Bill is passed by the House of Representatives and, having been sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the sessions, is not passed by the Senate or is passed by the Senate with amendments to which the House of Representatives does not agree; and
• (b) in the following session (whether of the same Parliament or not) but not earlier than one year after it was first passed by the House of Representatives the same Bill, with no other alterations than those mentioned in Clause (3), is passed again by the House of Representatives and sent to the Senate at least one month before the end of the session and is not passed by the Senate or is passed by the Senate with amendments to which the House of Representatives does not agree,
the Bill shall, unless the House of Representatives otherwise, directs, be presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent with such amendments, if any, as may have been agreed to by both Houses.
• (3) The alterations referred to in Clause (2) are alterations certified by the Speaker of the House of Representatives to be necessary owing to the time which has elapsed since the Bill was passed in the earlier session or to represent amendments made in that session by the Senate.
• (4) When a Bill is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in pursuance of this Article it shall bear a certificate of the Speaker of the House of Representatives that the provisions of this Article have been complied with, and that certificate shall be conclusive for all purposes and shall not be questioned in any court.
• (5) This Article does not apply to any Bill for making any amendment to this Constitution, other than an amendment excepted from the provisions of Article 159 (3).
• (6) In this Article "money Bill" means a Bill which, containing in the opinion of the Speaker of the House of Representatives only provision dealing with all or any of the following matters, that is to say -
• (a) the matters mentioned in Article 67 (1) or the regulation of any tax;
• (b) the reduction of any such amount as is mentioned in paragraph (d) of Article 67 (1); and
• (c) any matter incidental to those matters or any of them, is certified by him as a money Bill.

PART IV - THE FEDERATION
Chapter 6 - Capacity as respects property, contracts and suits
69
(1) The Federation has power to acquire, hold and dispose of property of any kind and to make contracts.

(2) The Federation may sue and be sued.

PART V - THE STATES
70

(1) Subject to the precedence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and his Consort, the Rulers and Yang di-Pertua-Yang di=Pertua Negeri of the States shall take precedence over all other persons and each Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall in his own State take precedence over the other Rulers and Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri.

(2) Subject to Clause (1), the Rulers shall take precedence over the Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri and, among themselves, in accordance with the dates on which they acceded as Rulers, and the Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall take precedence among themselves in accordance with the dates on which they were appointed as Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri; and if Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri were appointed on the same day the older shall take precedence over the younger.
71

(1) The Federation shall guarantee the right of a Ruler of a State to succeed and to hold, enjoy and exercise the constitutional rights and privileges of Ruler of that State in accordance with the Constitution of that State; but any dispute as to the title to the succession as Ruler of any State shall be determined solely by such authorities and in such manner as may be provided by the Constitution of that State.

(2) Clause (1) shall, with the necessary modifications apply in relation to a Ruling Chief of Negeri Sembilan as it applies to the Ruler of a State.

(3) If it appears to Parliament that in any State any provision of this Constitution or of the Constitution of that State is being habitually disregarded Parliament may, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, by law make provision for securing compliance with those provisions.

(4) If at any time the Constitution of any State does not contain the provisions set out in Part I of the Eighth Schedule, with or without the modifications allowed under Clause (5) (hereinafter referred to as "the essential provisions") or provisions substantially to the same effect, or contains provisions inconsistent with the essential provisions, Parliament may, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, by law make provision for giving effect in that State to the essential provisions or for removing the inconsistent provisions.

(5) The provisions set out in Part I of the Eighth Schedule may be modified by substituting for section 2 or section 4 or both the provisions set out in Part II of that Schedule as an alternative thereto -

(a) in the case of every State, until the dissolution of the second Legislative Assembly constituted in accordance with those provisions or those provisions so modified;

(b) in the case of Perlis, until further time as the Legislative Assembly of that State may resolve and, as respects the provision set out in section 2 of that Schedule, indefinitely.

(6) A law made for a State in pursuance of this Article shall, unless sooner repealed by Parliament, cease to have effect on such day as a new Legislative Assembly, constituted in that State after the passing of the law, may resolve.

(7) In relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak -

(a) Clause (5) shall not apply; but

(b) until the end of August 1975, or such earlier date as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong with the concurrence of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri may by order direct, Clause (4) shall apply as if the reference to the modifications allowed under Clause (5) were a reference to the modifications made by the Constitution of the State as in force on Malaysia Day.

(8) (Repealed).
72

(1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislative Assembly of any State shall not be questioned in any court.

(2) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him when taking part in proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of any State or of any committee thereof.

(3) No person shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him when taking part in proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of any State or of any committee thereof.

(4) Clause (2) shall not apply to any person charged with an offence under the law passed by Parliament under Clause (4) of Article 10 or with an offence under the Sedition Act 1948 as amended by the Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 45, 1970.

PART VI - RELATIONS BETWEEN THE FEDERATION AND THE STATES
Chapter 1 - Distribution of legislative powers
73

In exercising the legislative powers conferred on it by this Constitution -

(a) Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the Federation and laws having effect outside as well as within the Federation;

(b) the Legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of that State.
74

(1) Without prejudice to any power to make laws conferred on it by any other Article, Parliament may make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the Federal List of the Concurrent List (that is to say, the First or Third List set out in the Ninth Schedule).

(2) Without prejudice to any power to make laws conferred on it by any other Article, the Legislature of a State may make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List (that is to say, the Second List set out in the Ninth Schedule) or the Concurrent List.

(3) The power to make laws conferred by this Article is exercisable subject to any conditions or restrictions imposed with respect to any particular matter by this Constitution.

(4) Where general as well as specific expressions are used in describing any of the matters enumerated in the Lists set out in the Ninth Schedule the generality of the former shall not be taken to be limited by the latter.
75

75. If any State law is inconsistent with a federal law, the federal law shall prevail and the State law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.
76

(1) Parliament may make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List, but only as follows, that is to say:

(a) for the purposed of implementing any treaty, agreement or convention between the Federation and any other country, or any decision of an international organization of which the Federation is a member; or

(b) for the purpose of promoting uniformity of the laws of two or more State; or

(c) if so requested by the Legislative Assembly of any State.

(2) No law shall be made in pursuance of paragraph (a) of Clause (1) with respect to any matters of Islamic law or the custom of the Malays or to any matters of native law or custom in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and no Bill for a law under that paragraph shall be introduced into either House of Parliament until the Government or any State concerned has been consulted.

(3) Subject to Clause (4), a law made in pursuance of paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of Clause (1) shall not come into operation in any State until it has been adopted by a law made by the Legislature of that State, and shall then be deemed to be a State law and not a federal law, and may accordingly be amended or repealed by a law made by the Legislature.

(4) Parliament may, for the purpose only of ensuring uniformity of law and policy, make laws with respect to land tenure, the relations of landlord and tenant, registration of titles and deeds relating to land, transfer of land, mortgages, leases and charges in respect of land, easements and other rights and interests in land, compulsory acquisition of land, rating and valuation of land, and local government; and Clauses (1) (b) and (3) shall not apply to any law relating to any such matter.
76a

(1) It is hereby declared that the power of Parliament to make laws with respect to a matter enumerated in the Federal List includes power to authorise the Legislatures of the States or any of them, subject to such conditions or restrictions (if any) as Parliament may impose, to make laws with respect to the whole or any part of that matter.

(2) Notwithstanding Article 75, a State law made under authority conferred by Act of Parliament as mentioned in Clause (1) may, if and to the extent that the Act so provides, amend or repeal (as regards the State in question) any federal law passed before that Act.

(3) Any matter with respect to which the Legislature of a State is for the time being authorised by Act of Parliament to make laws shall for purposes of Articles 79, 80 and 82 be treated as regards the State in question as if it were a matter enumerated in the Concurrent List.
77

77. The Legislature of a State shall have power to make laws with respect to any matter not enumerated in any of the Lists set out in the Ninth Schedule, not being a matter in respect of which Parliament has power to make laws.
78

In so far as any law made by Parliament or any regulation made in pursuance of such a law restricts the rights of a State or its residents to the use for navigation or irrigation of any river wholly within that State it shall not have effect in that State unless it has been approved by a resolution of the Legislative Assembly of that State supported by a majority of the total number of its members.
79

(1) Where it appears to the presiding officer of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of any State that a Bill or an amendment to a Bill proposes a change in the law relating to any of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, or to any of the matters enumerated in the State List with respect to which the Federation is exercising functions in accordance with Article 94, he shall certify the Bill or amendment for the purposes of this Article.

(2) A Bill or amendment certified under this Article shall not be proceeded with until four weeks have elapsed since its publication, unless the presiding officer, being satisfied that the State Governments, or as the case may be, the Federal Government, have been consulted, allows it to be proceeded with on the ground of urgency.

Chapter 2 - Distribution of executive powers
80

(1) Subject to the following provisions of this Article the executive authority of the Federation extends to all matters with respect to which Parliament may make laws, and the executive authority of a State to all matters with respect to which the Legislature of that State may make laws.

(2) The executive authority of the Federation does not extend to any matter enumerated in the State List, except in so far is provided in Articles 93 to 95, nor to any matter enumerated in the Concurrent List, except in so far as may be provided by federal or State law; and so far as federal or State law confers executive authority on the Federation with respect to any matter enumerated in the Concurrent List it may do so to the exclusion of the executive authority of the State.

(3) So far as a law made under Article 76 (4) makes provisions for conferring executive authority on the Federation it shall not operate in any State unless approved by resolution of the Legislative Assembly of that State.

(4) Federal law may provide that the executive authority of a State shall extend to the administration of any specified provisions of federal law and may for that purpose confer powers and impose duties or any authority of the State.

(5) Subject to any provisions of federal or State law, arrangements may be made between the Federation and a State for the performance of any functions by the authorities of the one on behalf of the authorities of the other and such arrangements may provide for the making of payments in respect of any costs incurred under the arrangements.

(6) Where, in pursuance of Clause (4), any functions are conferred by federal law on any authority of a State the Federation shall make such payments to the State as may be agreed between the Federation and the State or as may in default of agreement be determined by a tribunal appointed by the Lord President of the Supreme Court.
81

The executive authority of every State shall be so exercised-

(a) as to ensure compliance with any federal law applying to that State; and

(b) as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive authority of the Federation.

Chapter 3 - Distribution of financial burdens
82

Where any law or executive action relating to any of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List involves expenditure, such action shall be taken under this Constitution as will ensure that, unless otherwise agreed, the burden of that expenditure is borne-

(a) by the Federation, if the expenditure results either from federal commitments or from State commitments undertaken in accordance with federal policy and with the specific approval of the Federal Government;

(b) by the State or States concerned, if the expenditure results from State commitments undertaken by the State or States on its or their own authority.

Chapter 4 - Land
83

(1) If the Federal Government is satisfied that land in a State, not being alienated land, is needed for federal purposes, that Government may, after consultation with the State Government, require the State Government, and it shall then be the duty of that Government, to cause to be made to the Federation, or to such public authority as the Federal Government may direct, such grant of the land as the Federal Government may direct:

Provided that the Federal Government shall not require the grant of any land reserved for a State purpose unless it is satisfied that it is in the national interest so to do.

(2) Where in accordance with Clause (1) the Federal Government requires the State Government to cause to be made a grant of land in perpetuity, the grant shall be made without restrictions as to the use of the land but shall be subject to the payment annually of an appropriate quit rent and the Federation shall pay to the State a premium equal to the market value for the grant; and where the Federal Government so requires the State Government to cause to be granted any other interest in land, the Federation shall pay to the State the just annual rent therefor and such premium, if any is required by the State Government, as may be just:

Provided that if the value of the land has been increased by means of any improvement made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) while the land was reserved for federal purposes, the increase shall not be taken into consideration in determining the market value, rent or premium for the purposes of this Clause.

(3) Where a requirement is made under Clause (1) in respect of any land which, at the date of the requirement, was intended for any State purpose, then if-

(a) other land is acquired by the State for that purpose in substitution for the first-mentioned land; and

(b) the cost of the land so acquired exceeds the amount paid by the Federation (otherwise than as rent) in accordance with Clause (2) in respect of the interest granted to the Federation,

the Federation shall pay to the State such sum as may be just in respect of the excess.

(4) Where a further grant is made in pursuance of this Article in respect of land an interest in which is vested in the Federation or any public authority, any sums payable by way of premium under Clause (2) in respect of the further grant shall be reduced by an amount equal to the market value of any improvements made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) since that interest became vested as aforesaid.

(5) The foregoing provisions of this Article (except Clause (3)) shall apply in relation to alienated land as they apply in relation to land not being alienated land, but subject to the following modifications:

(a) in Clause (1), the words "after consultation with the State Government" shall be omitted;

(b) where a requirement is made under that Clause, it shall be the duty of the State Government to cause to be acquired by agreement or compulsorily such interest in the land as may be necessary for complying with the requirement;

(c) any expenses incurred by the State in or in connection with the acquisition of land in accordance with paragraph (b) shall be repaid by the Federation, except that if the acquisition is by agreement the Federation shall not, unless it is party to the agreement, by liable to pay more than it would have paid on a compulsory acquisition;

(d) any sum paid by the Federation to the State in accordance with paragraph (c) shall be taken into consideration in determining for the purposes of Clause (2) the market value, the appropriate quit rent or the just annual rent, and shall be deducted from any premium to be paid by the Federation under that Clause.

(6) Where a grant is made to the Federation in pursuance of Clause (1) in respect of land which, or an interest in which, was acquired by the State Government at the expense of the Government of the Federation of Malaya before Merdeka Day, paragraph (d) of Clause (5) shall apply to the sums paid in respect of the acquisition by the Government of the Federation of Malaya as if they were sums paid by the Federation in accordance with paragraph (c) of Clause (5); and Clause (3) shall not apply to any such land.

(7) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the reservation of land in a State for federal purposes on such terms and conditions as may be agreed between the Federal Government and the Government of the State, or affect the power of the appropriate authority in a State to acquire in accordance with any law for the time being in force any alienated land for federal purposes without a requirement by the Federal Government under this Article.
84

(1) Where any interest in land in a State vested in the Federation or a public authority for federal purposes ceases to be required for federal purposes, it shall revert to that State if the State Government agrees to pay to the Federation-

(a) in a case where the land, or an interest therein, was acquired by the State Government in pursuance of Clause (5) of Article 83, or was acquired by the State Government at the expense of the Government of the Federation of Malaya before Merdeka Day, an amount equal to the market value of the interest vested in the Federation or public authority;

(b) in any other case, at the option of the State Government, either-

(i) an amount equal to the market value of that interest; or

(ii) an amount equal to the sums paid (otherwise than as rent) by the Federation, or by the Government of the Federation of Malaya before Merdeka Day, in respect of the grant of that interest, together with the market value of any improvements made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) to the land after that grant.

(2) Where any interest in land to which Clause (1) applies does not revert to the State in accordance with that Clause, the Federal Government or the public authority, as the case may be, may sell the interest on such terms and conditions as that Government or authority may think fit.
85

(1) Where any land in a State which is reserved for any federal purposes ceases to be required for those purposes, the Federal Government shall offer to release the land to the State on condition that the State pays to the Federation-

(a) the market value of any improvements made (otherwise than at the expense of the State) while the land was in use for federal purposes; and

(b) the amount, if any, paid by the Federation, or paid before Merdeka Day by the Government of the Federation of Malaya, in respect of the cost of acquisition of any interest in the land by the State Government;

and if the State Government accepts the offer the reservation shall cease.

(2) Where the State Government does not accept an offer made in accordance with Clause (1), then, unless by agreement between the Federal Government and the State Government the land is reserved for another federal purpose, the Federal Government may require the State Government, and it shall then be the duty of that Government, to cause to be made to the Federation a grant of the land in perpetuity without restrictions as to the use of the land, but subject to the payment of a premium equal to the market value of the land reduced by the amounts which would have been payable to the Federation under Clause (1) if the said offer had been accepted, and to the payment annually of an appropriate quit rent; and where such a grant is made to the Federation, the Federal Government may sell and transfer or lease the land on such terms and conditions as it may think fit.

(3) Except as provided by this Article, land in a State which is reserved for federal purposes shall not cease to be so reserved, and all land so reserved shall be controlled and managed by or on behalf of the Federal Government.
86

(1) Where any interest in land is vested in the Federation, the Federation may, subject to Article 84 and to Clause (2) of this Article, dispose of that interest or any smaller interest in the land.

(2) Every such disposition of an interest in land shall be made conditional on the land being used for a federal purpose specified therein, and no such disposition shall be made to a person other than a public authority except-

(a) under and in accordance with the provisions of federal law; or

(b) by an order of the Yang-di-Pertuan Agong laid and approved in accordance with Clause (3):

Provided that nothing in this Clause shall apply to a disposition authorised by Article 84 or Article 85, or to a disposition by the Federation to any person for the purposes of the implementation of any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country, or to any person in his capacity as consular or diplomatic representative of any other country.

(3) An order of the Yang-di-Pertuan Agong under paragraph (b) of Clause (2) shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament and shall not take effect until it is approved by resolution of each House.

(4) Except as provided by Article 84, no interest in land vested for federal purposes in a public authority, or vested in any other person by virtue of a disposition under this Article, shall be disposed of by that authority or person otherwise than to the Federation.

(5) Where any interest in land in a State is disposed of by or to the Federation or any public authority in pursuance of this Article or of Article 84 and 85, it shall be the duty of the Government of that State to register the transaction accordingly.

(6) The foregoing provisions of this Article shall not apply to any land or interest in land in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or the Federal Territory of Labuan howsoever vested in the Federation, and the Federation may dispose of such land or interest.
87

(1) Where any dispute arises between the Federal Government and a State Government as to the making of any payment by or to the Federation under the foregoing Articles of this Chapter, or as to the amount of any such payment, the dispute shall be referred, at the instance either of the Federal Government or of the State Government, to the Lands Tribunal appointed in accordance with this Article.

(2) The Lands Tribunal shall consist of-

(a) a chairman, who shall be appointed by the Lord President of the Supreme Court and who shall be, or have been, or be qualified to be a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, or shall before Malaysia Day have been a judge of the Supreme Court;

(b) a member who shall be appointed by the Federal Government; and

(c) a member who shall be appointed by the State Government.

(3) The practice and procedure of the Lands Tribunal shall be regulated by rules of court framed by the Rules Committee or other authority having power under written law to make rules or orders regulating the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court.

(4) An appeal shall lie from the Lands Tribunal to the Supreme Court on any question of law.
88

In their application to any of the States not having a Ruler, Articles 83 to 87 shall have effect-

(a) subject to such adaptations (if any) as Parliament may by law provide, being adaptations required to secure that they apply (as nearly as practicable having regard to differences in the system of land tenure) in the same manner as they apply to other States and

(b) in the case of the States of Sabah and Sarawak with the omission in article 83 of paragraph (a) of Clause (5).
89

(1) Any land in State which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law until otherwise provided by an Enactment-

(a) passed by a majority of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly and by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting; and

(b) approved by resolution of each house of Parliament passed by a majority of the total number of members by that House and by the voices of not less than two-thirds of the members voting.

(1A) Any law made under Clause (1) providing for the forfeiture or reversal to the State Authority, or for the deprivation, of the ownership of any Malay reservation, or of any right or interest therein, on account of any person, or any corporation, company or other body (whether corporate or unincorporated) holding the same ceasing to be qualified or competent under the relevant law relating to Malay reservations to hold the same, shall not be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with Article 13.

(2) Any land in a State which is not for the time being a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law and has not been developed or cultivated may be declared as a Malay reservation in accordance with that law:

Provided that-

(a) where any land in a State is declared a Malay reservation under this Clause, an equal area of land in that State which has not been developed or cultivated shall be made available for general alienation; and

(b) the total area of land in a State for the time being declared as a Malay reservation under this Clause shall not at any time exceed the total area of land in that State which has been made available for general alienation in pursuance of paragraph (a).

(3) Subject to Clause (4), the Government of any State may, in accordance with the existing law, declare as a Malay reservation-

(a) any land acquired by that Government by agreement for that purpose;

(b) on the application of the proprietor, and with the consent of every person having a right or interest therein, any other land;

and shall, in accordance with the existing law, immediately declare as a Malay reservation, in a case where any land ceases to be a Malay reservation, any other land of a similar character and of an area not exceeding the area of that land.

(4) Nothing in this article shall authorise the declaration as a Malay reservation of any land which at time of the declaration is owned or occupied by a person who is not a Malay or in or over which such a person has then any right or interest.

(5) Without prejudice to Clause (3), the Government of any State may, in accordance with law, acquire land for the settlement of Malays or other communities, and establish trusts for that purpose.

(6) In this Article "Malay reservation" means land reserved for alienation to Malays or to natives of the State in which it lies; and "Malay" includes any person who, under the law of the State in which he is resident, is treated as a Malay for the purposes of the reservation of land.

(7) Subject to Article 161a, this Article shall have effect notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution; but (without prejudice to any such other provision) no land shall be retained or declared as a Malay reservation except as provided by this Article and Article 90.

(8) The provisions of this article shall apply to the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur in the like manner that they apply to a state, save that Clause (1) in its application to the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur shall be modified to read that any land in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur which immediately before Merdeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance in accordance with that law until otherwise provided by an Act of Parliament passed by a majority of the total number of members of each House of Parliament and by the votes of not less than two- thirds of the members present and voting in each House.
90

(1) Nothing in this Constitution shall affect the validity of any restrictions imposed by the law on the transfer or lease of customary land in the State of Negeri Sembilan or the State of Malacca, or of any interesting such land.

(1A) For the purpose of Clause (1) -

(a) "transfer" includes any charge, transmission or vesting, or creation of any lien or trust, or entry of any caveat, or any other form of dealing or disposal of whatever description or nature; and

(b) "lease" includes any tenancy of whatever form or duration.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the existing law in the State of Trengganu with respect to Malay holdings shall continue in force until otherwise provided by an Enactment of the Legislature of that State passed and approved as described in Clause (1) of Article 89.

(3) Any such Enactment of the Legislature of the State of Terengganu may make provision for Malay reservations corresponding with the existing law in force in any other State of a ruler; and in that event the said Article 89 shall have effect in relation to Trengganu subject to the following modifications, that is to say-

(a) in Clause (1), for the reference to land which immediately before Meredeka Day was a Malay reservation in accordance with the existing law, there shall be substituted a reference to land which, immediately before the passing of the said Enactment, was a Malay holding; and

(b) subject as aforesaid, any reference to the existing law shall be construed as a reference to the said Enactment.

91

(1) There shall be a National Land Council consisting of a Minister as chairman, one representative from each of the States, who shall be appointed by the Ruler of Yany di- Pertua Negeri, and such number of representatives of the Federal Government as that Government may appoint, but subject to Clause (5) of Article 95E, the number of representatives of the Federal Government shall not exceed 10.

(2) The chairman may vote on any question before the National Land Council but shall not have a casting vote.

(3) The National Land Council shall be summoned to meet by the chairman as often as he considers necessary but there shall be at least one meeting in every year.

(4) If the chairman of a representative of a State or of the Federal Government in unable to attend a meeting, the authority by whom he was appointed may appoint another person to take his place at that meeting.

(5) It shall be the duty of the National Land Council to formulate from time to time in consultation with the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a national policy for the promotion and control of the utilisation of land throughout the Federation for mining, agriculture, forestry or any other purpose, and for the administration of any laws relating thereto; and the Federal and State Governments shall follow the policy so formulated.

(6) The Federal Government or the Government of any State my consult the National Land Council in respect of any other matter relating to the utilization of land or in respect of any purposed legislation dealing with land or of the administration of any such law, and it shall be the duty of the National Land Council to advise that Government on any such matters.

Chapter 5 - National development
92

(1) If, after a recommendation from an expert committee and after consultation with the National Finance Council, The National Land Council and the Government of any State concerned, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong is satisfied that it is conductive to the national interest that a development plan be put into operation in any area or areas in one or more of the States, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong may, after publishing the plan, proclaim the area or areas as a development area; and thereupon Parliament shall have power to give effect to the development plan or any part thereof, notwithstanding that any of the matters to which the plan relates are matters with respect to which, apart from this Article, only States would have power to make laws.

(2) Any Act passed in pursuance of this Article shall recite that it has been so passed and that the provisions of Clause (1) have been complied with; and Article 79 shall not apply ta any Bill for such an Act or any amendment to such a Bill.

(3) In this Article, "development plan" means a plan for the development, improvement, or conservation of the natural resources of a development area, the exploitation of such resources, or the increase of means of employment in the area.

(4) Without prejudice to their power under any other Article to require any interest in land to be acquired or granted for federal purposes, the Federal Government may from time to time require the reservation for the purposes for a development plan, to such extend as they may specify, of any land in a development area which is not occupied by private persons: but any diminution, in consequence of the reservation of the annual revenue received by a State shall be made good to the State by the Federation.

(5) All income received by the Federation through the operation of a development plan shall, subject to Clause (6). Be applied-

(a) in the first instance, for the provision of capital and the meeting of working expenses for the development plan;

(b) in the second instance, for the repayment to the Federation of any expenditure, including expenditure under Clause (4), incurred by the Federation in operating the plan; and

(c) as to the balance, for payments to the State in which the development area is situated in two or more States, to those States in such proportions as the Federal Government may determine.

(6) If it is agreed between the Federal Government and the Government of any State which includes the whole or any part of the development area that any expenditure incurred in operating the development plan is to be met by the State, any expenditure so met shall be repaid to the State and the repayment shall rank pari passu with the repayment to the Federation of any expenditure incurred by the Federation.

(7) Parliament may repeal or amend any Act passed in pursuance of this Article, and for that purpose may make such incidental and consequential provisions as it may consider necessary.

(8) Nothing in this Article shall affect the power of Parliament or of the Legislature of any State-

(a) to impose such taxes or rates as it is authorised to impose under any other provision of this Constitution; or

(b) to make from the Federal Consolidated Fund or the State Consolidated Fund, as the case may be, grants not repayable under Clause (5) or (6);

except that where, in pursuance of Clause (1), a rate is imposed on any property by federal law which, but for this Article, might have been imposed by State law, no rate of the same kind shall be imposed by State law for any period for which the rate imposed by federal law is payable.

Chapter 6 - Federal surveys, advice to States and inspection of State activities
93

* (1) The Federal Government may conduct such inquiries (whether by Commission or otherwise), authorise such surveys and collect and publish such statistics as it thinks fit, notwithstanding that such inquiries, surveys and collection and publication of statistics relate to a matter with regard to which the Legislature of a State may make laws.

* (2) It shall be the duty if the Government of a State, and of all officers and authorities thereof, to assist the Federal Government in the execution of its powers under this Article; and for this purpose the Federal Government may give such directions as it may deem necessary.

94

* (1) The executive authority of the Federation extends to the conduct of research, the provision and maintenance of experimental and demonstration stations, the giving of advice and technical assistance to the Government of any State, and the provision of education, publicity, and demonstration for the inhabitants of any State, in respect of any of the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State may make laws; and the agricultural and forestry officers of any State shall accept any professional advice given to the Government of that State under this Clause.

* (2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the existing Departments of Agriculture, Commissioner of Lands, Forestry and Social Welfare may continue to exercise the functions exercised by them immediately before Merdeka Day.

* (3) Nothing in this Constitution shall prevent the Federal Government from establishing Ministries or Departments of Government to exercise the functions of the Federal Government under Article 93 and this Article in relation to matters within the legislative authority of a State, and such matters may include soil conservation, local government and town and country planning.

95

* (1) Subject to Clause (3), in exercising the executive authority of the Federation any officer authorised by the Federal Government may inspect any department or work of a State Government with a view to making a report thereon to the Federal Government.

* (2) A report made under this Article shall, if the Federal Government so direct, to be communicated to the Sate Government and laid before the Legislative Assembly of the State.

* (3) This Article does not authorise the inspection of any department or work dealing only with or carried on only with respect to matters within the exclusive legislative authority of a State

Chapter 7 - National Council for Local Government
95a

(1) There shall be a National Council for Local Government consisting of a Minister as Chairman, one representative from each of the States, who shall be appointed by the Ruler or Yang di- Pertua Negeri, and such number of representatives of the Federal Government as that Government may appoint but, subject to Claus (5) of Article 95E, the number of representatives of the Federal Government shall not exceed ten.

(2) The Chairman may vote on any question before the National Council for Local Government and shall have a casting vote.

(3) The National Council for Local Government shall be summoned to meet by the Chairman as often as he considers necessary but there shall be at least one meeting in every year.

(4) If the Chairman or a representative of a State or of the Federal Government is unable to attend a meeting, the authority by whom he was appointed may appoint another person to take his place at that meeting.

(5) It shall be the duty of the National Council for Local Government to formulate from time to time in consultation with the Federal Government and the State Governments a National policy for the promotion, development and control of local government throughout the Federation and for the administration of any laws relating thereto; and the Federal and State Governments shall follow the policy so formulated.

(6) It shall also be the duty of the Federal Government and the Government of any State to consult the National Council for Local Government in respect of any proposed legislation dealing with local government and it shall be the duty of the National Council for Local Government to advise those Governments on any such matter.

(7) The Federal Government or the Government of any State may consult the National Council for Local Government in respect of any other matter relating to local government, and it shall be the duty of the National Council and Local Government to advise that Government on any such matter.

Chapter 8 - Application to States of Sabah and Sarawak
95b

(1) In the case of the States of Sabah and Sarawak-

(a) the supplement to List II set out in the Ninth Schedule shall be deemed to form part of the State List, and the matters enumerated therein shall be deemed not to be included in the Federal List or Concurrent List; and

(b) the supplement to List III set out in the Ninth Schedule shall; subject to the State List, be deemed to form part of the Concurrent List, and the matters enumerated therein shall be deemed not to be included in the Federal List (but not so as to affect the construction of the State List, where it refers to the Federal List).

(2) Where by virtue of Clause (1) an item is included in the Concurrent List for a State for a period only, the expiration or termination of that period shall not affect the continued operation of any State law passed by virtue of the item, save as provided by federal or State law.

(3) The Legislature of the State of Sabah or Sarawak may also make laws for imposing sales taxes, and any sales tax imposed by State law in the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall be deemed to be among the matters enumerated in the State List and not in the Federal List; but-

(a) there shall not in the charging or administration of a State sales tax be any discrimination between goods of the same description according to the place in which they originate; and

(b) the charge for any federal sales tax shall be met out of sums collected from a person liable for that tax before the charge for a State sales tax.
95c

(1) Subject to the provisions of any Act of Parliament passed of the Malaysia Day, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong may by order make as respects any State any such provision as may be made by Act of Parliament-

(a) for authorising the Legislator of the State to make laws as mentioned in Article 76A; or

(b) for extending the executive authority of the State, and the powers or duties of any authority of the State, as mentioned in Clause (4) of Article 80.

(2) An order made by the virtue of paragraph (a) of Clause (1) shall not authorise the Legislature of a State to amend or repeal an Act of Parliament passed after Malaysia Day, unless the Act so provides.

(3) Clause (3) of Article 76A and Clauses (6) of Article 80 shall apply in relation to an order under paragraph (a) respectively of Clause (1) of this Article as they apply in relation to an Act of Parliament.

(4) Where an order under this Article is revoked by a later order, the later order may include provision for continuing in force (generally or to such extent or for such purposes as the order may specify) any State law passed by virtue of the earlier order or any subsidiary legislation made or thing done under any such State law, and from the coming into operation of the later order any State law thereby continued in force shall have effect as federal law:

Provided that no provision shall be continued in force by virtue of this Clause if or in so far as it could not have been made by Act of Parliament.

(5) Any order of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong under this Article shall be laid before each House of Parliament.
95d

In relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak, Clause (4) of Article 76 shall not apply, nor shall paragraph (b) of Clause (1) of that Article enable Parliament to make laws with respect to any of the matters mentioned in Clause (4) of that Article.
95e

(1) In relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak Articles 91, 92, 94 and 95A shall have effect subject to the following Clauses.

(2) Subject to Clause (5), under Article 91 and under Article 95A the State Government shall not be required to follow the policy formulated by the National Land Council or by the National Council for Local Government, as the case may be, but the representative of the State shall not be entitled to vote on questions before the Council.

(3) Under Article 92 no area in the State shall be proclaimed a development area for the purposes of any development plan without the concurrence of the Yang di- Pertua Negeri.

(4) Under Clause (1) of Article 94 (under which in respect of matters in the State List the Federation may conduct research, give advice and technical assistance, etc.) the agricultural and forestry officers of the State of Sabah and Sarawak shall consider, but shall not be required to accept, professional advice given to the Government of the State.

(5) Clause (2) shall cease to apply to a State-

(a) as regards Article 91, if Parliament so provides with the concurrence of the Yang di- Pertua Negeri; and

(b) as regards Article 95A, if Parliament so provides with the concurrence of the Legislative Assembly;

but for each representative of the State of Sabah or Sarawak becoming entitled, by virtue of this Clause, to vote on questions before the National Land Council or National Council for Local Government, one shall be added to the maximum number of representatives of the Federal Government on that Council.

PART VII - FINANCIAL PROVISIONS
Chapter 1 - General
96

No tax or rate shall be levied by or for the purposes of the Federation except by or under the authority of federal law.
97

(1) All revenues and moneys howsoever raised or received by the Federation shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of federal law, be paid into and form one fund, to be known as the Federal Consolidated Fund.

(2) All revenues and moneys howsoever raised or received by a State shall, subject to Clause (3) and to any law, be paid into and form one fund, to be known as the Consolidated Fund of the State.

(3) If in accordance with State law or in respect of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, in accordance with federal law any Zakat, Fitrah, Bait-ul-Mal or similar Islamic religious revenue is raised, it shall be paid into a separate fund and shall not be paid out except under the authority of State law or federal law, as the case may be.

(4) Unless the context otherwise requires, any reference in this Constitution to the Consolidated Fund shall be construed as a reference to the Federal Consolidated Fund.
98

(1) There shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund, in addition to any grant, remuneration or other moneys so charged by any other Article or federal law-

(a) all pensions, compensation for loss of office and gratuities for which the Federation is liable;

(b) all debt charges for which the Federation is liable; and

(c) any moneys required to satisfy any judgment, decision or award against the Federation by any court or tribunal.

(2) In making payment of any grant to a State in accordance with the provisions of this Part, the Federation may deduct the amount of any debt charges payable to the Federation by the State and charged on the Consolidated Fund of that State.

(3) For the purposes of this Article debt charges include interest, sinking fund charges, the repayment or amortisation of debt, and all expenditure in connection with the raising of loans on the security of the Consolidated Fund and the service and redemption of debt created thereby.
99

(1) The Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before the House of Representatives a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Federation for that year, and, unless Parliament in respect of any year otherwise provides, that statement shall be so laid before the commencement of that year:

Provided that there may be separate statements of estimated receipts and estimated expenditure, and in that case it shall not be necessary for the statement of receipts to be so laid before the commencement of the year to which it relates.

(2) The estimates of expenditure shall show-

(a) the total sums required to meet expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund; and

(b) subject to Clause (3), the sums required to meet the expenditure for other purposes proposed to be met from the Consolidated Fund.

(3) The sums to be shown under paragraph (b) of Clause (2) do not include-

(a) sums representing the proceeds of any loan raised by the Federation for specific purposes and appropriated for those purposes by the Act authorising the raising of the loan;

(b) sums representing any money or interest on money received by the Federation subject to a trust and to be applied in accordance with the terms of the trust;

(c) sums representing any money held by the Federation which has been received or appropriated for the purpose of any trust fund established by or in accordance with Federal law.

(4) The said statement shall also show, so far as is practicable, the assets and liabilities of the Federation at the end of the last completed financial year, the manner in which those assets are invested or held, and the general purposes in respect of which those liabilities are outstanding.
100

The expenditure to be met from the Consolidated Fund but not charged thereon, other than expenditure to be met by such sums as are mentioned in Clause (3) of Article 99, shall be included in a Bill, to be known as a Supply Bill, providing for the issue from the Consolidated Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums for the purposes specified therein.
101

If in respect of any financial year it is found-

(a) that the amount appropriated by the Supply Act for any purpose is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditure for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the Supply Act; or

(b) that any moneys have been expended for any purpose in excess of the amount (if any) appropriated for that purpose by the Supply Act,
a supplementary estimate showing the sums required or spent shall be laid before the House of Representatives and the purposes of any such expenditure shall be included in a Supply Bill.
102

Parliament shall have power in respect of any financial year-

(a) before the passing of the Supply Bill, to authorise by law expenditure for part of the year;

(b) to authorise by law expenditure for the whole or part of the year otherwise than in accordance with Articles 99 to 101, if owing to the magnitude or indefinite character of any service or to circumstances of unusual urgency if appears to Parliament to be desirable to do so.
103

(1) Parliament may by law provide for the creation of a Contingencies Fund and for authorising the Minister charged with responsibility for finance, if satisfied that there has arisen an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exists, to make advances from the Contingencies Fund to meet that need.

(2) Where any advance is made in accordance with Clause (1), a supplementary estimate shall be presented and a Supply Bill introduced as soon as possible for the purpose of replacing the amount so advanced.
104

(1) Subject to Clause (2), no moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated fund unless they are-

(a) charged on the Consolidated Fund; or

(b) authorised to be issued by a Supply Act; or

(c) authorised to be issued under Article 102.

(2) Clause (1) does not apply to any such sums as are mentioned in Clause (3) of Article 99.

(3) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except in the manner provided by federal law.
105

(1) There shall be an Auditor General, who shall be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Miister and after consultation with the Conference of Rulers.

(2) A person who has held the office of Auditor General shall be eligible for re- appointment but shall not be eligible for any other appointment in the service of the Federation or for any appointment in the service of a State.

(3) The Auditor General may at any time resign his office but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.

(4) Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of the Auditor General, and the remuneration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

(5) The remuneration and other terms of office (including pension rights) of the Auditor General shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment.

(6) Subject to the provisions of this Article, the terms and conditions of service of the Auditor General shall be determined by federal law and, subject to the provisions of federal law, by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong.
106

(1) The accounts of the Federation and of the States shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor General.

(2) The Auditor General shall perform such other duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the Federation and of the States and to the accounts of other public authorities and of those bodies which are specified by order made by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, as may be provided by federal law.
107

(1) The Auditor General shall submit his reports to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, who shall cause them to be laid before the House of Representatives.

(2) A copy of any such report relating to the accounts of a State, or to the accounts of any public authority exercising powers conferred by State law, shall be submitted to the Ruler or Yang di- Pertua Negeri of that State, who shall cause it to be laid before the Legislative Assembly.
108

(1) There shall be a National Finance Council consisting of the Prime Minister, such other Ministers as the Prime Minister may designate, and one representative from each of the States, appointed by the Ruler or Yang di- Pertua Negeri.

(2) The National Finance Council shall be summoned to meet by the Prime Minister as often as he considers necessary and whenever the representatives of three or more States demand a meeting, but there shall be at least one meeting in every twelve months.

(3) At any meeting of the National Finance Council the Prime Minister may be represented by another Minister of the Federation, and the Prime Minister or, if he is not present, the Minister representing him, shall preside.

(4) It shall be the duty of the Federal Government to consult the National Finance Council in respect of-

(a) the making of grants by the Federation to the States;

(b) the assignment to the States of the whole of any portion of the proceeds of any federal tax of fee;

(c) the annual loan requirements of the Federation and the States and the exercise by the Federation and the States of their borrowing powers;

(d) the making of loans to any of the States;

(e) the making of development plans in accordance with Article 92;

(f) the matters referred to in item 7 (f) and (g) of Federal Lists;

(g) any proposal to introduce a Bill for such a law as is mentioned in Article 109 (2) or Article 110 (3) or (3A);

(h) any other matter in respect of which this Constitution or federal law makes provision for consultation with the National Finance Council.

(5) The Federal Government may consult the National Finance Council in respect of any other matter, whether or not it involves questions of finance, and the Government of a State may consult the said Council in respect of any matter which affects the financial position of that State.
109

(1) The Federation shall make to each State in respect of each financial year-

(a) a grant, to be known as a capitation grant, which shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions of Part I of the Tenth Schedule;

(b) a grant for the maintenance of State roads, to be known as the State road grant, which shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions of Part II of that schedule.

(2) Parliament may from time to time by law vary the rates of the capitation grant; but if the effect of any such law is to reduce grant, provision shall be made in that law for securing that the amount of grant received by any State in respect of any financial year is not less than ninety per cent of the amount received by that State in the preceding financial year.

(3) Parliament may by law make grants for specific purposes to any of the States on such terms and conditions as may be provided by any such law.

(4) The amounts required for making the grants mentioned in the preceding provisions of this Article shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

(5) If, in accordance with Article 103, a Contingencies Fund is created, the power to make advances from that Fund for meeting an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure shall include power to make such advances to a State for meeting such a need.

(6) The Federation shall pay into a fund, to be known as the State Reserve Fund-

(a) (Repealed)

(b) in respect of every financial year such sum as the Federal Government may, after consultation with the National Finance Council, determine to be necessary;

and the Federation may from time to time, after consultation with the National Finance Council, make grants out of the State Reserve Fund to any State for purposes of development or generally to supplement its revenues.
110

(1) Subject to Clause (2), each of the States shall reserve all proceeds from the taxes, fees and other sources of revenue specified in Part III of the Tenth Schedule so far as collected, levied or raised within the State.

(2) Parliament may from time to time by law substitute for any source of revenue specified in section 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 or 14 of Part III of the Tenth Schedule or for any source of revenue so substituted, another source of revenue of substantially equal value.

(3) Each State shall receive, on such terms and conditions as may be provided by or under federal law, ten per cent or such greater amount as may be so provided of the export duty on tin produced in the State.

(3A) Parliament may by law provide that each State shall receive, on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by or under federal law, such proportion as may be so prescribed of the export duty on minerals (other than tin) produced in the State.

In this Article minerals means mineral ores, metal and mineral oils.

(3B) Without prejudice to the power to impose conditions conferred by Clause (3) or (3A), Parliament may by law provide for prohibiting or restricting, in, or except in, such cases as may be provided by or under the law, the levying of royalties on or similar charges in respect of minerals (whether under a lease or other instrument or under any State enactment, and whether the instrument was made or the enactment passed before or after the coming into operation of this Clause).

(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of Clauses (1) to (3A), Parliament may by law-

(a) assign to the States the whole or any portion of the proceeds of any tax or fee raised or levied by the Federation; and

(b) assign to the States the responsibility of collecting for State purposes any tax or fee authorised by federal law.

(5) The amounts receivable by the States under Clause (1), (2) or (4) shall not be paid into the Consolidated Fund: and the amounts receivable by the States under Clauses (3) and (3A) shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.
111

(1) The Federation shall not borrow except under the authority of federal law.

(2) A State shall not borrow except under the authority of State law, and State law shall not authorise a State to borrow except from the Federation or, for a period not exceeding five years, from a bank or other financial source approved for that purpose by the Federal Government, and subject to such conditions as may be specified by the Federal Government.

(3) A State shall not give any guarantee except under the authority of State law, and such guarantee shall not be given except with the approval of the Federal Government and subject to such conditions as may be specified by it.
112

(1) Subject to Clause (2), no State shall, without the approval of the Federation, make any addition to its establishment or the establishment of any of its departments, or alter the rates of established salaries and emoluments, if the effect of doing so would be to increase the liability of the Federation in respect of pensions, gratuities or other like allowances.

(2) This Article does not apply to-

(a) non-pensionable appointments the maximum salaries of which do not exceed four hundred ringgit per month or such other amount as may be fixed by order by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong; or

(b) pensionable appointments the maximum salaries of which do not exceed one hundred ringgit per month or such other amount as may be fixed by order by the Yany di- Pertuan Agong.

Chapter 2 - Application to States of Sabah and Sarawak
112a

(1) The Auditor General shall submit his reports relating to the accounts of each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak, or to the accounts of any public authority exercising powers vested in it by the State law in either of those States, to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong (who shall cause them to be laid before the House of Representatives) and to the Yang di- Pertua Negeri of the State; and accordingly Clause (2) of Article 107 shall not apply to those reports.

(2) The Yang di- Pertua Negeri shall cause any such report submitted to him to be laid before the Legislative Assembly.

(3) The powers and duties of the Auditor General in relation to the accounts mentioned in Clause (1) for any period ending before the year 1969 shall, in the State of Sabah and Sarawak, be exercised and discharged on his behalf by the senior officer of his department for the time being stationed in the State in question:

Provided that during the absence or incapacity of that officer, or a vacancy in his post, those powers and duties shall be exercised and discharged by the Auditor General or such officer of his department as he may designate.
112b

Clause (2) of Article 111 shall not restrict the power of the State of Sabah and Sarawak to borrow under the authority of State law within the State, if the borrowing has the approval of the Central Bank for the time being of the Federation.
112c

(1) Subject to the provisions of Article 112D and to any limitation expressed in the relevant section of the Tenth Schedule-

(a) the Federation shall make to the States of Sabah and Sarawak in respect of each financial year the grants specified in Part IV of that Schedule; and

(b) each of those States shall receive all proceeds from the taxes, fees and dues specified in Part V of that Schedule, so far as collected, levied or raised within the State, or such part of those proceeds as is so specified.

(2) The amounts required for making the grants specified in the said Part IV, and the amounts receivable by the State of Sabah and Sarawak under section 3 or 4 of the said Part V, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund; and the amounts otherwise receivable by the State of Sabah and Sarawak under the said Part V shall not be paid into the Consolidated Fund.

(3) In Article 110, Clauses (3A) and (4) shall not apply to the State of Sabah and Sarawak.

(4) Subject to Clause (5) of Article 112D, in relation to the State of Sabah and Sarawak Clause (3B) of Article 110-

(a) shall apply in relation to all minerals, including mineral oils; but

(b) shall not authorise Parliament to prohibit the levying of royalties on any mineral by the State or to restrict the royalties that may be so levied in any case so that the State is not entitled to receive a royalty amounting to ten per cent ad valorem (calculated as for export duty).

112d

(1) The grants specified in section 1 and subsection (1) of section 2 of Part IV of the Tenth Schedule, and any substituted or additional grant made by virtue of this Clause, shall at the intervals mentioned in Clause (4) be reviewed at the Governments of the Federation and the State or State concerned, and if the agree on the alteration or abolition of any of those grants, or the making of another grant instead of or as well as those grants or any of them, the said Part IV and Clause (2) of Article 112C shall be modified by order of the Yang di- Pertaun Agong as may be necessary to give effect of the agreement:

Provided that on the first review the grant specified in subsection (2) of section 1 of the said Part IV shall not be brought into question except for the purpose of fixing the amounts for the ensuing five years.

(2) Any review under this Article shall take into account the financial position of the Federal Government, as well as the needs of the States or State concerned, but (subject to that) shall endeavour to ensure that the State revenue is adequate to meet the cost of State services as they exist at the time of the review, with such provision for their expansion as appears reasonable.

(3) The period for which provision is to be made on a review shall be a period of five years or (except in the case of the first review) such longer period as may be agreed between the Federation and the States or State concerned: but any order under Clause (1) giving effect to the results of a review shall continue in force after the end of that period, except in so far as it is superseded by a further order under that Clause.

(4) A review under this Article shall not take place earlier than is reasonably necessary to secure that effect can be given to the results of the review from the end of the year 1968 of, in the case of a second or subsequent review, from the end of the period provider for by the preceding review; but, subject to that, reviews shall be held as regards both the States of Sabah and Sarawak for periods beginning with the year 1969 and with the year 1974, and thereafter as regards either of them at such time (during or after the period provided for on the preceding review) as the Government of the Federation or of the State may require.

(5) If on the occasion of any review under this Article the Government of the Federation give notice to the States or State concerned of their intension to vary any of the assignments of revenue under Part V of the Tenth Schedule (including any substituted or additional assignment made by virtue of this Clause), or vary Clause (4) of Article 112C, the review shall take the variation into account, and provision shall be made by order of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong so as to give effect to the variation from the beginning of the period provided for on the review:

Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the assignments under section 4, 7 and 8, and shall not apply to that under section 5 or 6 until the second review.

(6) If on any review the Federal Government and the Government of a State are unable to reach agreement on any matter, it shall be referred to an independent assessor, and his recommendations thereon shall be binding on the Governments concerned and shall be given effects as if they were the agreement of those governments.

(7) Clause (4) of Article 108 shall not apply to require the Federal Government to consult the National Finance Council in respect of matters arising under this Article.

(8) Any order of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong under this Article shall be laid before each House of Parliament.
112e

112E. (Repealed)

PART VIII - ELECTIONS
113

(1) There shall be an Election Commission, to be constituted in accordance with Article 114, which, subject to the provisions of federal law, shall conduct elections to the House of Representatives and the Legislative Assemblies of the States and prepare and revise electoral rolls for such elections.

(2)

(i) Subject to paragraph (ii), the Election Commission shall, from time to time, as they deem necessary, review the division of the Federation and the States into constituencies and recommend such changes therein as they may think necessary in order to comply with the provisions contained in the Thirteenth Schedule; and the reviews of the constituencies for the purpose of elections to the Legislative Assemblies shall be undertaken at the same time as the reviews of constituencies for the purpose of elections to the House of Representatives.

(ii) There shall be an interval of not less than eight years between of the date of completion of one review, and the date of commencement of the next review, under this Clause.

(iii) A review under paragraph (i) shall be completed within a period of not more than two years from the date of its commencement.

(3) If the Election Commission are of opinion that in consequence of a law made under Article 2 it is necessary to undertake the reviews mentioned in Clause (2), they shall do so, whether or not eight years have elapsed since the last review under this Clause.

(3A)

(i) Where the number of elected members of the House of Representatives is altered in consequence of any amendment to Article 46, or the number of elected members of the Legislative Assembly of a State is altered in consequence of a law enacted by the Legislature of a State, the Election Commission shall undertake a review of the division into federal or State constituencies, as the case may be, of the area which is affected by the alteration, and such review shall be completed within a period of not more than two years from the date of the coming into force of the law making the alteration.

(ii) A review on the paragraph (i) shall not affect the interval provided under paragraph (ii) of Clause (2) in respect of a review under paragraph (i) or that Clause.

(iii) The provisions of the Thirteenth Schedule shall apply to a review under this Clause, but subject to such modifications as may be considered necessary by the Election Commission.

(4) Federal or State law may authorise the Election Commission to conduct election other than those referred to in Clause (1).

(5) So far as may be necessary for the purposes of its functions under this Article the Election Commission may make rules, but any such rules shall have effect subject to the provisions of federal law.

(6) There shall be separate reviews under Clause (2) for the States of Malaya and for each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak, and for the purposes of this Part the expression "unit of review" shall mean, for federal constituencies, the area under review and, for State constituencies, the State and the expression "States of Malaya" shall include the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and the Federal Territory of Labuan.

(7) Subject to Clause (3), the period for the first reviews under Clause (2) for any unit of review shall be calculated from the first delimitation of constituencies for that unit under this Constitution or under the Malaysia Act.

(8) Notwithstanding Clause (7) of this Article the period for reviews under Clause (2) for the unit of review of the States of Malaya undertaken after the passing of the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1973 shall be calculated from the first delimitation of constituencies for that unit immediately following the passing of that Act.

(9) The date of the commencement of a review under Clause (2) or Clause (3A), as the case may be, shall be the date of the publication in the Gazette of the notice referred to in section 4 of the Thirteenth Schedule.

(10) The date of the completion of a review under Clause (2) or Clause (3A), as the case may be, shall be the date of the submission of the report to the Prime Minister under section 8 of the Thirteenth Schedule, and a notice of such date shall be published by the Election Commission in the Gazette.
114

(1) The Election Commission shall be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong after consultation with the Conference of Rulers, and shall consist of a chairman, a deputy chairman and three other members.

(2) In appointing members of the Election Commission the Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall have regard to the importance of securing an Election Commission which enjoys public confidence.

(3) A member of the Election Commission shall cease to hold office on attaining the age of sixty- five years or on becoming disqualified under Clause (4) and may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.

(4) Notwithstanding anything in Clause (3), the Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall by order remove from office any member of the Election Commission if such member-

(a) is an undischarged bankrupt; or

(b) engages in any paid office or employment outside the duties of his office; or

(c) is a member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a State.

(4A) In addition to any disqualification provided under Clause (4), the chairman of the Election Commission shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his appointment to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organization or body, whether corporate or otherwise or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it:

Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organization or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it.

(5) Parliament shall by law provide for the remuneration of members of the Election Commission, and the remuneration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

(5A) Subject to the provisions of this Article, Parliament may by law provide for the terms of office of members of the Election Commission other than their remuneration.

(6) The remuneration and other terms of office of a member of the Election Commission shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment.

(7) Where, during any period, the chairman of the Election Commission has been granted leave of absence by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong or is unable, owing to his absence from the Federation, illness or any other cause, to discharge his functions, the deputy chairman shall discharge the functions of the chairman during that period, and if the deputy chairman is also absent or unable to discharge such functions, a member of the Election Commission may be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong to discharge the functions of the chairman during that period.
115

(1) The Election Commission may employ such number of persons, on such terms and subject to such conditions, as the Commission may with the approval of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong determine.

(2) All public authorities shall on the request of the Commission give the Commission such assistance in the discharge of its duties as may be practicable; and in exercising its functions of making recommendations for the delimitation of constituencies for the elections mentioned in article 113 (1) the Commission shall seek the advice of two officers of the Federal Government with special knowledge of the topography of, and the distribution of the population in, the unit of review for federal elections, and those offices shall be selected for that purpose by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong.
116

(1) For the election of members to the House of Representatives a unit of review shall be divided into constituencies in accordance with the provisions contained in the Thirteenth Schedule.

(2) The total number of constituencies shall be equal to the number of members, so that one member shall be elected for each constituency, and of that total in the States of Malaya a number determined in accordance with the provisions contained in Article 46 and the Thirteenth Schedule shall be allocated to each State.

(3) (Repealed).

(4) (Repealed).

(5) (Repealed).
117

For the election of members to the Legislative Assembly of a State the State shall be divided into as many constituencies as there are elected members, so that one member shall be elected for each constituency; and the division shall be made in accordance with the provisions contained in the Thirteenth Schedule.
118

No election to the House of Representatives or to the Legislative Assembly of a State shall be called into question except by an election petition presented to the High Court having jurisdiction where the election was held.
118a

A petition complaining of no return to the House of Representatives shall be deemed to be an election petition and the High Court may make such order thereon as it may think fit for compelling a return to be made, but the failure to make a return within any period specified by Article 54 or 55 shall not be a ground for declaring that a member has not been duly elected.
119

(1) Every citizen who-

(a) has attained the age of twenty- one years on the qualifying date; and

(b) is resident in a constituency on such qualifying date or, if not so resident, is an absent voter,

is entitled to vote in that constituency in any election to the House of Representatives or the Legislative Assembly unless he is disqualified under Clause (3) or under any law relating to offences committed in connection with elections; but no person shall in the same election vote in more than one constituency.

(2) If a person is in a constituency by reason only of being a patient in an establishment maintained wholly or mainly for the reception and treatment of persons suffering from mental illness or mental defectiveness or of being detained in custody he shall for the purpose of Clause (1) be deemed not to be resident in that constituency.

(3) A person is disqualified for being a elector in any election to the House of Representatives or the Legislative Assembly if-

(a) on the qualifying date he is detained as a person of unsound mind or is serving a sentence of imprisonment; or

(b) having before the qualifying date been convicted in any part of the Commonwealth of an offence and sentenced to death or imprisonment for a term exceeding twelve months, he remains liable on the qualifying date to suffer any punishment for that offence.

(4) In this Article "qualifying date" means the date by reference to which the electoral rolls are prepared or revised, and "absent voter" means in relation to any constituency any citizen who is registered as an absent voter in respect of that constituency under the provisions of any law relating to elections.
120

Where in accordance with Article 45 (4) provision is made by Parliament for the election of Senators by the direct vote of electors-

(a) the whole of a State shall form a single constituency and each elector shall have as many votes at any election to the Senate as there are seats to be filled in that election; and

(b) the electoral rolls for elections to the House of Representatives shall also be the electoral rolls for election to the Senate; and

(c) Articles 118, 118A and 119 shall apply in relation to elections to the Senate as they apply in relation to elections to the House of Representatives.

PART IX - THE JUDICIARY
121

(1) Subject to Clause (2) the judicial power of the Federation shall be vested into High Courts of co- ordinate jurisdiction and status, namely-

(a) one of the States of Malaya, which shall be known as the High Court in Malaya and shall have its principle registry in Kuala Lumpur; and

(b) one in the States of Sabah and Sarawak, which shall be known as the High Court in Borneo and shall have its principle registry at such place in the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yang di- Pertaun Agong may determine;

(c) (Repealed);

and in such inferior courts as may be provided by federal law.

(2) The following jurisdiction shall be vested in a court which shall be known as the Mahkamah Agung (Supreme Court) and shall have its principle registry in Kuala Lumpur, that is to say-

(a) exclusive jurisdiction to determine appeals from decisions of a High Court or a judge thereof (except decision of a High Court given by a registrar or other officer of the court and appealable under federal law to a judge of the Court);

(b) such original or consultative jurisdiction as is specified in Articles 128 and 130; and

(c) such other jurisdiction as may be conferred by or under federal law.

(3) Subject to any limitations imposed by or under federal law, any order, decree, judgement or process of the courts referred to in Clause (1) or of any judge thereof shall (so far as its nature permits) have full force and effect according to its tenor throughout the Federation, and may be executed or enforced in any part of the Federation accordingly; and federal law may provide for courts in one part of the Federation or their officers to act in aid of courts in another part.

(4) In determining where the principal registry of the High Court in Borneo is to be, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong shall act on the advice of the Prime Minister, who shall consult the Chief Ministers of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the Chief Justice of the High Court.
122

(1) The Supreme Court shall consist of a president of the Court (to be styled "the Lord President of the Supreme Court"), of the Chief Justices of the High Courts and, until the Yang di- Pertuan Agong by order otherwise provides, of four other judges and such additional judges as may be appointed pursuant to Clause (1A).

(1A) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution contained, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong acting on the advice of the Lord President of the Supreme Court may appoint for such purposes or for such period as he may specified any person who has held high judicial office in Malaysia to be an additional judge of the Supreme Court:

Provided that no such additional judge shall be ineligible to hold office by reason of having attained the age of sixty- five years.

(2) A judge of High Court other than the Chief Justice may sit as a judge of the Supreme Court where the Lord President considers that the interests of justice so require, and the judge shall be nominated for the purpose (as occasion requires) by the Lord President.
122a.

(1) Each of the High Courts shall consist of a Chief Judge and not less than four other judges; but the number of other judges shall not, until the Yang di- Pertuan Agong by order otherwise provides, exceed-

(a) in the High Court in Malaya, twelve; and

(b) in the High Court in Borneo, eight.

(c) (Repealed).

(2) Any person qualified for appointment as a judge of High Court may sit as a judge of that court, if designated for the purpose (as occasion requires) in accordance with Article 122B.

(3) For the dispatch of business of the High Court in Borneo in an area in which a judge of the court is not the time being available to attend to business of the court, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong acting on the advice of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, or for an area in either State the Yang di- Pertua Negeri of the State acting on the advice of the Chief Justice of the court, may by order appoint to be judicial commissioner in that area for such period or for such purposes as may be specified in the order an advocate or person professionally qualified to be admitted an advocate of the court.

(4) Subject to any limitations or conditions imposed by the order appointing him, a judicial commissioner shall have power, in the area for which he is appointed, to perform such functions of a judge of the High Court in Borneo as appear to him to require to be performed without delay; and anything done by a judicial commissioner when acting in accordance with his appointment shall have the same validity and effect as if done by a judge of that court, and in respect thereof he shall have the same powers and enjoy the same immunities as if he had been a judge of that court.

(5) For the dispatch of business of the High Court in Malaya; the Yang di- Pertuan Agong acting on the advice of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, may by order appoint to be judicial commissioner for such period or such purposes as may be specified in the order any person qualified for appointment as a judge of High Court; and the person so appointed shall have power to perform such functions of a judge of the High Court in Malaya as appear to him to require to be performed; and anything done by him when acting in accordance with his appointment shall have the same validity and effect as if done by a judge of that court, and in respect thereof he shall have the same powers and enjoy the same immunities as if he had been a judge of that court.
122b

(1) The Lord President of the Supreme Court, and chief justices of the High Courts and (subject to Article 122C) the other judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court shall be appointed by the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, after consulting the Conference of Rulers.

(2) Before tendering his advice as to the appointment under Clause (1) of a judge other than the Lord President of the Supreme Court, the Prime Minister shall consult the Lord President.

(3) Before tendering his advice as to the appointment under Clause (1) of the Chief Justice of a High Court, the Prime Minister shall consult the Chief Justice of each of the High Courts and, if the appointment is to the High Court in Borneo, the Chief Minister of each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak.

(4) Before tendering his advice as to the appointment under Clause (1) of a judge other than the Lord President or a Chief Justice, the Prime Minister shall consult, if the appointment is to the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of each of the High Courts and, if the appointment is to one of the High Courts, the Chief Justice of that court.

(5) This Article shall apply to the designation of a person to sit as judge of a High Court under Article 122A (2) as it applies to the appointment of a judge of the court other than the Chief Justice.

(6) Notwithstanding the dates of their respective appointments as judges of the Supreme Courts or of the High Courts, the Yang di- Pertuan Agong, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister given after consulting the Lord President, may determine the order of precedence of the judges among themselves.
122c

Article 122B shall not apply to the transfer to a High Court, otherwise than as Chief Justice of a judge of another High Court other than the Chief Justice; and such a transfer may be made by the Yang di- Pertaun Agong, on the recommendation of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, after consulting the Chief Justices of the two High Courts.
123

A person is qualified for appointment under Article 122B as a judge of the Supreme Court or as a judge of any of the High Courts if-

(a) he is a citizen, and

(b) for the ten years preceding his appointment he has been an advocate of those courts or any of them or a member of the judicial and legal service of the Federation or of the legal service of a State, or sometimes one and sometimes another.
124

(1) The Lord President of the Supreme Court shall before exercising the functions of his office take and subscribe the oath of office and allegiance set out in the Sixth Schedule, and shall do so in the presence of the Yang di- Pertuan Agong.

(2) A judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, other than the Lord President of the Supreme Court, shall before exercising the functions of a judge take and subscribe that oath in relation to his judicial duties in whatever office, and, having done so, shall not be required to take that oath again on appointment or transfer to another judicial office, not being that of Lord President.

(3) A person taking the oath on becoming Chief Justice of a High Court shall do so in the presence of the senior judge available of that High Court, unless he takes it in accordance with Clause (4) as a judge of the Supreme Court.

(4) Subject to Clause (3), a person taking the oath on becoming a judge of the Supreme Court shall do so in the presence of the Lord President or, in his absence, the next senior judge available of the Supreme Court.

(5) A person taking the oath on becoming a judge of a High Court (but not Chief Justice) shall do so in the presence of the Chief Justice of that Court or, in his absence, the next senior judge available of that Court.
125

(1) Subject to the provisions of Clauses (2) to (5), a judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty- five years or such later time, not being later than six months after he attains that age, as the Yang di- Pertaun Agong may approve.

(2) A judge of the Supreme Court may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di- Pertaun Agong but shall not be removed from office except in accordance with the following provisions of this Article.

(3) If the Prime Minister, or the Lord President after consulting the Prime Minister, represents to the Yang di- Pertuan Agong that a judge of the Supreme Court oath to be removed on the ground of misbehaviour or of inability, from infirmity of body or mind or of any cause, properly to discharge the functions of his office, the Yang di- Pertaun Agong shall appoint a tribunal in accordance with Clause (4) and refer the representation to it; and may on the recommendation of the tribunal remove the judge from office.

(4) The said tribunal shall consist of not less than five persons who hold or have held office as judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court or, if it appears to the Yang di- Pertaun Agong expedient to make such appointment, persons who hold or have held equivalent office in any other part of the Common Wealth and shall be presided over by the member first in the following order, namely, the Lord President of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justices according to their precedence among themselves, and other members according to the order of their appointment to an office qualifying them for membership (the older coming before the younger of two members with appointments of the same date.

(5) Pending any reference and report under Clause (3) the Yang di- Pertaun Agong may on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and, in case of any other judge after consulting the Lord President, suspend a judge of the Supreme Court from the exercise of his functions.

(6) Parliament shall by law provide for the enumeration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

(6A) Subject to the provisions of this Article, Parliament may by law provide for the terms of office of the judges of the Supreme Court other than their enumeration.

(7) The enumeration and other terms of office (including pension rights) of a judge of the Supreme Court shall not be altered to his disadvantage after this appointment.

(8) Notwithstanding Clause (1) the validity of anything done by a judge of the Supreme Court shall not be questioned on the ground that he has attained the age at which he was required to retire.

(9) This Article shall apply to a judge of a High Court as it applies to a judge of a Supreme Court, except that the Yang di- Pertaun Agong before suspending under Clause (5) a judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice shall consult the Chief Justice of that Court instead of the Lord President of the Supreme Court.

(10) (Repealed).
125a

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution, it is hereby declared that-

(a) The Lord President of the Federal Court and a judge of the Supreme Court may exercise all or any of the powers of the judge of a High Court; and

(b) A judge of the High Court in Malaya may exercise all or any of the powers of a judge of the High Court in Borneo, and visa versa.

(2) The provisions of this Article shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Constitution as from Malaysia Day.
126

The Supreme Court or a High Court shall have power to punish any contempt of itself.
127

The conduct of a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court shall not be discussed in either House of Parliament except on a substantive motion of which notice has been given by no less than one quarter of differences in the system of land tenure) in the same manner as they apply to other States.
128

(1) The Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have jurisdiction to determine in accordance with any rules of court regulating the exercise of such jurisdiction -

(a) any question whether a law made by Parliament or by the Legislature of a State is invalid on the ground that it makes provision with respect to a matter with respect to a matter with respect to which Parliament or, as the case may be, the Legislature of the State has no power to make laws; and

(b) disputes on any other question between States or between the Federation and any State.

(2) Without prejudice to any appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, where in any proceedings before another court a question arises as to the effect of any provision of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction (subject to any rules of court regulating the exercise of that jurisdiction) to determine the question and remit the case to the other court to be disposed of in accordance with the determination.

(3) The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to determine appeals from a High Court or a judge thereof shall be such as may be provided by federal law.
129

(Repealed)
130

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may refer to the Supreme Court for its opinion any question as to the effect of any provision of the Constitution which has arisen or appears to him likely to arise, and the Supreme Court shall pronounce in open court its opinion on any question so referred to it.
131

(Repealed).
131a

(1) Any provision made by federal law for the functions of the Lord President of the Supreme Court to be performed, in the event of a vacancy in the office or of his inability to act, by another judge of the Supreme Court may extend to his functions under this Constitution.

(2) Any provision made by federal law for the functions of the Chief Justice of a High Court to be performed, in the event of a vacancy in the office or of his inability to act, by another judge of that court may extend to his functions under this Constitution other than functions as judge of the Supreme Court.

PART X - PUBLIC SERVICES
132

(1) For the purposes of this Constitution, the public services are -

(a) the armed forces;

(b) the judicial and legal service;

(c) the general public service of the Federation;

(d) the police force;

(e) the railway service;

(f) the joint public services mentioned in Article 133;

(g) the public service of each State; and

(h) the education service.

(2) Except as otehrwise expressly provided by this Constitution, the qualifications for appointment and conditions of service of persons in the public services other than those mentioned in paragraph (g) of Clause (1) may bge regulated by federal law and, subject to the provisions of any such law, by Yang di-Pertuan Agong; and the qualifications for appointment and conditions of service of persons in the public service of any State may be regulated by State law and, subject to the provisions of any such law, by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of that State.

(2A) Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of any of the services mentioned in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) and (h) of Clause (1) holds office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and, except as expressly provided by the Constitution of the State, every person who is a member of the public service of a State holds office during the pleasure of the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri.

(3) The public service shall not be taken to comprise -

(a) the office of any member of the administration in the Federation or a State; or

(b) the office of President, Speaker, Deputy President, Deputy Speaker or member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a State; or

(c) the office of judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court; or

(d) the office of member of any Commission or Council established by this Constitution or any corresponding Commission or Council established by the Constitution of a State; or

(e) such diplomatic posts as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by order prescribe, being post which but for the order would be posts in the general public service of the Federation.

(4) References in this Part, except in Articles 136 and 147 to persons in the public service or to members of any of the public services shall not apply to:

(a) the Clerk to either House of Parliament or any member of the Staff of Parliament; or

(b) the Attorney General or, if provisions for the manner of his appointment and removal from office is specifically included in the Constitution of the State, or if he is appointed otherwise than from among the members of the judicial and legal service or of the public service of the State, the legal adviser of any State; or

(c) a member of the personal staff of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or of a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri; or

(d) in the case of Malacca and Penang, if provision os made by State law for their appointment -

(i) the President of the Religious Affairs Department;

(ii) the Secretary of the Religious Affairs Department;

(iii) the Mufti;

(iv) the Kadi Besar; or

(v) a Kadi.

133

(1) Joint services, common to the Federation and one more of the States or, at the request of the States concerned, to two or more States, may be established by federal law.

(2) Where a member of any of the public services is employed:

(a) partly for federal purposes and partly for State purposes; or

(b) for the purposes of two or more States;

the proportion, if any, of his renumeration payable by the Federation and the State or States concerned or, as the case may be, by each of the States concerned, shall, subject to federal law, be determined by agreement or, in default of agreement, by the Commission whose jurisdiction extends to him.
134

(1) The Federation may, at the request of a State, second any member of any of the services mentioned in paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d) or (f) of Clause (1) of Article 132 to the service of that State; and a State may at the request of the Federation or of another State second any member of its own public service to the service of the Federation or, as the case may be, of that other State.

(2) A person seconded under this Article shall remain a member of the service to which he belongs, but his renumeration shall be paid by the State to whose service he is seconded or, if he is seconded to the service of the Federation, by the Federation.
135

(1) No member of any of the services mentioned in paragraphs (b) to (h) of Clause (1) of Article 132 shall be dismissed or reduced in rank by an authority subordinate to that which, at the time of the dismissal or reduction, has power to appoint a member of that service of equal rank;

Provided that in its application to members of the services mentioned in paragraphs (g) of Clause (1) of Article 132 this Clause shall not apply to any law which the legislature of any State, other than Penang and Malacca, may make to provide that all powers and functions of a Public Service Commission of such State, other than the power of first appointment to the permanent or pensionable establishment, be exercised by a Board appointed by the Ruler of such State:

And provided further that this Clause shall not apply to a case where a member of any of the services mentioned in this Clause is dismissed or reduced in rank by an authority in pursuance of a power delegated to it by a Commission to which this Part applies, and this proviso shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Clause as from Merdeka Day.

(2) No member of such a service as aforesaid shall be dismissed or reduced in rank without being given a reasonable opportunity of being heard:

Provided that this Clause shall not apply to the following cases -

(a) where a member of such a service is dismissed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct in respect of which a criminal charge has been proved against him; or

(b) where the authority empowered to dismiss or reduce in rank a member of such a service is satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable to carry out the requirements of this Clause: or

(c) where the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or, in the case of a member of the public service of a State, the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of that State, is satisfied that in the interests of the security of the Federation or any part thereof it is not expedient to carry out the requirements of this Clause; or

(d) where there has been made against a member of such a service any order of detention, supervision, restricted residence, banishment or deportation, or where there has been imposed on such a member any form of restriction or supervision by bond or otherwise, under any law relating to the security of the Federation or any part thereof, prevention of crime, preventive detention, restricted residence, banishment, immigration, or protection of women and girls:

Provided further that for the purpose of this Article, where the service of a member of such a service is terminated in the public interest under any law for the time being in force or under any regulation made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Article 132 (2), such termination of service shall not constitute dismissal whether or not the decision to terminate the service is connected with the misconduct of or unsatisfactory performance of duty by such member in relation to his office or the consequences of the termination involved an element of punishment; and this proviso shall be deemed to have been an integral part of this Article as form Merdeka Day.

(3) No member of any of the services mentioned in paragraph (c), (f) or (g) of Clause (1) of Article 132 shall, without the concurrence of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, be dismissed or reduced in rank or suffer any other disciplinary measure for anything done or omitted by him in the exercise of a judicial function conferred on him by law.
136

136. All persons of whatever race in the same grade in the service of the Federation shall, subject to the terms and conditions of thier employment, be treated impartially.
137

(1) There shall be an Armed Forces Council, which shall be responsible under the general authority of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for the command, disciplne and administration of, and all other matters relating to, the armed forces, other than matters relating to their operatonial use.

(2) Clause (1) has effect subject to the provisions od any federal law, and any such law may provide for the vesting in the Armed Forces Council of any functions with respect to the armed forces.

(3) The Armed Forces Council shall consist of the following members, that is to say -

(a) the Minister for the time being charged with responsibility for defence, who shall be Chairman;

(b) one member representing Their Royal Highnesses, who shall be appointed by the Conference of Rulers;

(c) the Chief of the Armed Forces Staff who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;

(d) a civilian member, being the person performing the duties of the office of Secretary general for Defence, who shall act as Secretary to the Council;

(e) two senior staff officers of the Federation Armed Forces, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;

(f) a senior officer of the Federation Navy, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;

(g) a senior officer for the Federation Air Force, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;

(h) two, if any, additional members, whether military or civilian, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

(4) The Armed Forces Council may act notwithstanding a vacancy in its membership and may, subject to this Constitution and to federal law, provide for all or any of the following matters:

(a) the organization of its work and the manner in which its functions are to be performed, and the keeping of records and minutes;

(b) the duties and responsibilities of the several members of the Council, including the delegation to any member of the Council of any of its powers or duties;

(c) the consultation by the Council with persons other than its members;

(d) the procedure to be followed by the Council in conducting its business (including the fixing of a quorum), the appointment, at its option, of a vice-chairman from among its members, and the functions of the vice-chairman;

(e) any other matters for which the Council considers it necessary or expedient to provide for the better performance of its functions.
138

(1) There shall be a Judicial and Legal Service Commission, whose jurisdiction shall extend to all members of the judicial, and legal service.

(2) The Judicial and Legal Service Commission shall consist of -

(a) the Chairman of the Public Services Commission, who shall be Chairman;

(b) the Attorney General or, if the Attorney General is a member of Parliament or is appointed otherwise than from among members of the Judicial and Legal Service, the Solicitor General; and

(c) one or more other members who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, after consultation with the Lord President of the Supreme Court, from among persons who are or have been or are qualified to be a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court or shall before Malaysia Day have been a of the Supreme Court or a High Court or shall before Malaysia Day have been a judge of the Supreme Court.

(3) The person who is secretary to the Public Services Commission shall be secretary also to the Judicial and Legal Service Commission.
139

(1) There shall be a Public Services Commission, whose jurisdiction shall, subject to Article 144, extend to all persons who are members of the services mentioned in paragraphs (c), (e) and (f) of Clause (1) of Article 132, other than the Auditor General, to members of the public services of the State of Malacca and the State of Penang, and, to the extent provided by Clause (2), to members of the public service of any other State.

(1A) The jurisdiction of the Public Services Commission shall extend to -

(a) members of the general public service of the Federation who are employed in a federal department in the State of Sabah or Sarawak;

(b) members of the public service of the State of Sabah or Sarawak who are seconded to the general public service of the Federation; and

(c) members of the public service of the State of Sabah or Sarawak serving in federal posts or in any posts which have become federal posts in that State and who have exercised the option to be members of the general public service of the Federation.

(2) The legislature of any State other than Malacca and Penang may by law extend the jurisdiction of the Public Services Commission to all or any persons in the public service of that State, but no such law shall take effect earlier than twelve months from the date of its passing; and if at any time there is not, in any such State in which no such law is in force, established and exercising its functions a State Public Service such authority as may be provided in that law, and in that event, if the authority is other than the Commission, the disciplinary control exercisable by such authority shall not be exercised by the Commission; and no provision of such law shall be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with any provision of this Part.

(2) Federal law may provide for the exercise of other functions by the Police Force Commission.

(3) The Police Force Commission shall consist of the following members, that is to say:

(a) the Minister for the time being charged with responsibility for the police, who shall be Chairman;

(b) the officer of police in general command of the police force;

(c) the person performing the duties of the office of Secretary General to the Ministry under the Minister for the time being charged with responsibility for the police;

(d) a member of the Public Services Commission appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong;

(e) not less than two nor more than six other members, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

(4) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may designate as special posts the posts of Inspector-General of Police, Deputy Inspector-General of Police and any other posts in the police force which in his opinion are of similar or superior status; and the appointment to any post so designated shall not be made in accordance with Clause (1) but shall be made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the recommendation of the Police Force Commission.

(5) Before acting in accordance with Clause (4) on the recommendation of the Police Force Commission, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall consider the advice of Commission, the jurisdiction of the Public Services Commission shall, if federal law so provides, extend to all members of the public service of that State.

(3) Any extension of the jurisdiction of the Public Service Commission made by the legislature of any State pursuant to Clause (2) may be revoked or modified by a law passed by the legislature of such State.

(4) The Public Services Commission shall consist of the following members appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in his discretion but after considering the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Conference of Rulers, that is to say, a chairman, a deputy chairman and not less than four nor more than thirty other members.

(5) Either the chairman or the deputy chairman shall be, and both may be, appointed from among persons who are, or have at any time within the period of five years immediately preceding the date of their first appointment been, members of any of the public services.

(6) A member of any of the public services appointed to be chairman or deputy chairman shall not be eligible for any further appointment in the service of the Federation other than as a member of a Commission to which this Part applies.
140

(1) There shall be a Police Force Commission whose jurisdiction shall extend to all persons who are members of the police force and which, subject to the provisions of any existing law, shall be responsible for the appointment, confirmation, emplacement on the permanent or pensionable establishment, promotion, transfer and exercise of disciplinary control over members of the police force:

Provided that Parliament may by law provide for the exercise of such disciplinary control over all or any of the members of the police force in such manner and by the Prime Minister, and may once refer the recommendation back to the Commission in order that it may be reconsidered.

(6) The Police Force Commission may provide for all or any of the following matters:

(a) the organisation of its work and the manner in which its functions are to be performed, and the keeping of records and minutes;

(b) the duties and responsibilities of the several members of the Commission, including the delegation to any member of the Commission or the police force or board of officers of such force or a committee consisting of members of the Commission and of the force of its powers or duties;

(c) the consultation by the Commission with persons other than its members;

(d) the procedure to be followed by the Commission in conducting its business (including the fixing of a quorum), the appointment, at its option, of a vice-chairman from among its members, and the functions of the vice-chairman;

(e) any other matters for which the Commission considers it necessary or expedient to provide for the better performance of its functions.

(7) In this Article "transfer" does not include transfer without change of rank within the police force.
141

(Repealed).
141a

(1) There shall be an Education Service Commission, whose jurisdiction shall, subject to Article 144, extend to all persons who are members of the service mentioned in paragraph (h) of Clause (1) of Article 132).

(2) The Education Service Commission shall consist of the following members appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in his discretion but after considering the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Conference of Rulers, that is to say, a Chairman, a Deputy Chairman and not less than four but not more than eight other members.

(3) A member of any of the public services appointed to be Chairman or Deputy Chairman shall not be eligible for any further appointment in the service of the Federation other than as a member of a Commission to which this Part applies.
142

(1) Subject to paragraph (a) of Clause (3) of Article 140, a member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall not be appointed to be a member of a Commission to which this Part applies.

(2) Subject to Clause (3), a person shall not be appointed to be a member of any of the Commissions to which this Part applies if he is, and shall be removed by order of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong if he becomes -

(a) a member of any of the public services;

(b) an officer or employee of any local authority, or of any body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any body or authority established by law for public purposes;

(c) a member of a trade union or of a body or association affiliated to a trade union.

(2A) In addition to any disqualification provided under Clause (2), the chairman of any of the Commissions to which this Part applies shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his appointment to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management, or an officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organisation or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not be receives any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it:

Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organisation or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it.

(3) Clause (2) does not apply to ex officio members; and a member of any of the public services may be appointed to be and remain chairman or deputy chairman and, if he is on leave prior to retirement, he may be appointed to be another member, of any of the said Commissions.

(3A) Where, during any period, the chairman of any of the said Commissions has been granted leave of absence by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or is unable owing to his absence from the Federation, illness or any other cause, to discharge his functions, the deputy chairman of that Commission shall discharge the functions of the chairman during that period, and if the deputy chairman is also absent or unable to discharge such functions, a member of the Commission may be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to discharge the functions of the chairman during that period.

(4) Where, during any period, a member of any of the said Commissions has been granted leave of absence by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or is unable, owing to his absence from the Federation, illness or any other cause, to discharge his functions as a member, then -

(a) if he is an appointed member, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may appoint to exercise his functions during that period any person who would be qualified to be appointed in his place, and the appointment of such a person shall be made in the same manner as that of the member whose functions he is to exercise;

(b) if he is an ex officio member, any person authorised under federal law to perform the functions of his office may during that period perform also his functions as a member of the Commission.

(5) A Commission to which this Part applies may act notwithstanding a vacancy in its membership, and no proceedings of such a Commission shall be invalidated by reason only that some person not entitled thereto has taken part in them.

(6) Before exercising his functions as a member of any of the said Commissions or under Clause (4) any person other than an ex officio member shall take and subscribe before a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court the oath of office and allegiance set out in the Sixth Schedule.
143

(1) Save as provided under Clause (2) of Article 142, a member of a Commission to which this Part applies, other than an ex officio member -

(a) shall be appointed for a term of five years or, if the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, acting in his discretion but after considering the advice of the Prime Minister, in a particular case so determines, for such shorter term as he may so determine;

(b) may, unless disqualified, be re-appointed from time to time; and

(c) may at any time resign his office but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.

(2) Parliament shall be law provide for the remuneration of any member of the said Commission other than a member for whose remuneration as holder of any other office provision is made by federal law; and the remuneration so provided shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund.

(3) The remuneration and other terms of office of a member of a Commission to which this Part applies shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment.
144

144.

(1) Subject to the provisions of any existing law and to the provisions of this Constitution, it shall be the duty of a Commission to which this Part applies to appoint, confirm, emplace on the permanent or pensionable establishment, promote, transfer and exercise disciplinary control over members of the service or services to which its jurisdiction extends.

(2) Federal law may provide for the exercise of other functions by any such Commission.

(3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may designate as special posts any post held by the head or deputy head of a department or by an officer who in his opinion is of similar status and the appointment to any post so designated shall not be made in accordance with Clause (1) but shall be made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the recommendation of the Commission whose jurisdiction extends to the service in which the post is held.

(4) The Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of a State may designate as special posts any posts in the public service of his State held by the head or deputy head of a department or by an officer who in his opinion is of similar status: and the appointment to any post so designated shall not be made in accordance with Clause (1) but shall be made by the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri on the recommendation of the Public Services Commission (or, if there is in the State a State Public Service Commission, on the recommendation of that Commission).

(5) Before acting, in accordance with Clause (3) or (4), on the recommendation of the Commission therein mentioned -

(a) the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall consider the advice of the Prime Minister; and

(b) the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall consider the advice of the Chief Minister of his State,

and may once refer the recommendation back to the Commission in order that it may be reconsidered.

(5A) Save as provided in Clause (5B), federal law and, subject to the provisions of any such law, regulations made by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may, notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1) of Article 135, provide for the exercise by any officer in a service to which the jurisdiction of a Commission to which this Part applies extends, or by any board of such officers, of any of the functions of the Commission under Clause (1):

Provided that -

(a) no such law or regulation may provide for the exercise by any such officer or board of officers of any power of first appointment to the permanent or pensionable establishment, or of any power of promotion (other than promotion to an acting appointment); and

(b) any person aggrieved by the exercise by any such officer or board of officers of any power of disciplinary control may appeal to the Commission within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed by any such law or regulations, and the Commission may make such order thereon as it may consider just.

(5B)

(i) Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1) of Article 135 and Article 139 and Article 141A, all the powers and functions of the Public Services Commission or the Education Service Commission established under Article 139 and Article 141A, other than the power of first appointment to the permanent or pensionable establishment, may be exercised by a board appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

(ii) Any person aggrieved by the exercise by the board of any of the aforesaid powers or functions may appeal to an Appeal Board appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

(iii) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by regulations provide for matters relating to the appointments of the members of, and the procedure to be followed by, the board or the Appeal Board under this Clause.

(iv) Where the Yang di-Pertuan Agong has appointed the board under paragraph (i) of this Clause for the purpose of exercising any of the powers or functions referred to under that paragraph, such power or function shall so long as it remains a power or function to be exercised by the board, cease to be exercisable by the said Commission.

(6) A Commission to which this Part applies may delegate to any officer in a service to which its jurisdiction extends, or to any board of such officers appointed by it, any of its functions under Clause (1) in respect of any grade of service, and that officer or board shall exercise those functions under the direction and the control of the Commission.

(6A) In respect of members of the general public service of the Federation who are employed in posts ancillary to the armed forces or any of them or to the police force, or in respect of any grade of members of that service who are so employed, functions of the Public Services Commission may, under Clause (5A) or (6), be made exercisable by an officer or board of officers of the armed forces or police force, as the case may be, as if he or they were members of the general public service of the Federation.

(7) In this Article "transfer" does not include transfer without change of rank within a department of Government.

(8) A Commission to which this Part applies may, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of federal law, make rules regulating its procedure and specifying the number of its members which are to constitute a quorum.
145

(1) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall, on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint a person who is qualified to be a judge of the Supreme Court to be the Attorney General for the Federation.

(2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney General to advise the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Cabinet or any Minister upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred or assigned to him by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Cabinet, and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other written law.

(3) The Attorney General shall have power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, other than proceedings before a Syariah court, a native court or a court-martial.

(4) In the performance of his duties the Attorney General shall have the right of audience, in, and shall take precedence over any other person appearing before, any court or tribunal in the Federation.

(5) Subject to Clause (6), the Attorney General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and may at any time resign his office and, unless he is a member of the Cabinet, shall receive such remuneration as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may determine.

(6) The person holding the office of Attorney General immediately prior to the coming into operation of this Article shall continue to hold the office on terms and conditions not less favourable than those applicable to him immediately before such coming into operation and shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
146

(1) Each of the Commissions to which this Part applies shall make an annual report on its activities to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and copies of those reports shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament.

(2) The Public Services Commission shall send a copy of every report made under this Article to the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of each State to members of whose public service their jurisdiction extends, and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall lay it before the Legislative Assembly.
146a

(Repealed).
146b

(Repealed).
146c

(Repealed).
146d

Notwithstanding Clause (2) of Article 134, the jurisdiction of the Police Force Commission shall extend to embers of the public service of the State of Sabah or Sarawak who are seconded to the police force; and for purposes of the Police Force Commission they shall be deemed to be members of the police force.

(2) (Repealed).

(3) (Repealed).
147

(1) The law applicable to any pension, gratuity or other like allowance (in this Article referred to as an "award") granted to a member of any of the public services, or to his widow, children, dependant or personal representatives, shall be that in force on the relevant day or any later law not less favourable to the person to whom the award is made.

(2) For the purposes of this Article the relevant day is -

(a) in relation to an award made before Merdeka Day, the date on which the award was made;

(b) in relation to an award made after Merdeka Day to or in respect of any person who was a member of any of the public services before Merdeka Day, the thirtieth day of August, nineteen hundred and fifty-seven;

(c) in relation to an award made to or in respect of any person who first became a member of any of the public services on or after Merdeka Day, the date on which he first became such a member.

(3) For the purposes of this Article, where the law applicable to an award depends on the option of the person to whom it is made, the law for which he opts shall be taken to be more favourable to him than any other law for which he might have opted.
148

(1) References in this Constitution to a Commission to which this Part applies are, unless the context otherwise requires, references to any of the Commissions established under Articles 138 to 141A.

(2) In this Part "ex officio member" includes a Minister and a judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court and "State Public Service Commission" means, in relation to any State, a Commission exercising functions in respect of members of the public service of the State and corresponding in status and jurisdiction to the Public Services Commission.

PART XI - SPECIAL POWERS AGAINST SUBVERSION, ORGANISED VIOLENCE, AND ACTS AND CRIMES PREJUDICIAL TO THE PUBLIC AND EMERGENCY POWERS
149

(1) If an act of parliament recites that action has been taken or threatened by any substantial body of persons, whether inside or outside the Federation -

(a) to cause, or to cause a substantial number of citizens to fear, organised violence against persons or property; or

(b) to excite disaffection against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any Government in the Federation; or

(c) to promote feelings of ill-will and hostility between different races or other classes of the population likely to cause violence; or

(d) to procure the alteration, otherwise than by lawful means, of anything by law established; or

(e) which is prejudicial to the maintenance or the functioning of any supply or service to the public or any class of the public in the Federation or any part thereof; or

(f) which is prejudicial to public order in, or the security of, the Federation or any part thereof,

any provision of that law designed to stop or prevent that action is valid notwithstanding that it is inconsistent with any of the provisions of Article 5, 9, 10 or 13, or would apart from this Article be outside the legislative power of Parliament; and Article 79 shall not apply to a Bill for such an Act or any amendment to such a Bill.

(2) A law containing such a recital as is mentioned in Clause (1) shall, if not sooner repealed, cease to have effect if resolutions are passed by both Houses of Parliament annulling such law, but without prejudice to anything previously done by virtue thereof or to the power of Parliament to make a new law under this Article.
150

(1) If the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security, or the economic life, or public order in the Federation or any part thereof is threatened, he may issue a Proclamation of Emergency making therein a declaration to that effect.

(2) A Proclamation of Emergency under Clause (1) may be issued before the actual occurrence of the event which threatens the security, or the economic life, or public order in the Federation or any part thereof if the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is satisfied that there is imminent danger of the occurrence of such event.

(2A) The power conferred on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong by this Article shall include the power to issue different Proclamations on different grounds or in different circumstances, whether or not there is a Proclamation or Proclamations already issued by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under Clause (1) and such Proclamation or Proclamations are in operation.

(2B) If at any time while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, except when both Houses of Parliament are sitting concurrently, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is satisfied that certain circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such ordinances as circumstances appear to him to require.

(2C) An ordinance promulgated under Clause (2B) shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, and shall continue in full force and effect as if it is an Act of Parliament until it is revoked or annulled under Clause (3) or until it lapses under Clause (7); and the power of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to promulgate ordinances under Clause (2B) may be exercised in relation to any matter with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws regardless of the legislative or other procedures required to be followed, or the proportion of the total votes required to be had, in either House of Parliament.

(3) A Proclamation of Emergency and any ordinance promulgated under Clause (2B) shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament and, if not sooner revoked, shall cease to have effect if resolutions are passed by both Houses annulling such Proclamation or ordinance, but without prejudice to anything previously done by virtue thereof or to the power of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to issue a new Proclamation under Clause (1) or promulgate any ordinance under Clause (2B).

(4) While a Proclamation of Emergency is in force the executive authority of the Federation shall, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, extent to any matter within the legislative authority of a State and to the giving of directions to the Government of a State or to any officer or authority thereof.

(5) Subject to Clause (6A), while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, Parliament may, not-withstanding anything in this Constitution make laws with respect to any matter, if it appears to Parliament that the law is required by reason of the emergency; and Article 79 shall not apply to a Bill for such a law or an amendment to such a Bill, nor shall any provision of this Constitution or of any written law which requires any consent or concurrence to the passing of a law or any consultation with respect thereto, or which restricts the coming into force of a law after it is passed or the presentation of a Bill to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for his assent.

(6) Subject to Clause (6A), no provision of any ordinance promulgated under this Article, and no provision of any Act of Parliament which is passed while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force and which declares that the law appears to Parliament to be required by reason of the emergency, shall be invalid on the ground of inconsistency with any provision of this Constitution.

(6A) Clause (5) shall not extend the powers of Parliament with respect to any matter of Islamic law or the custom of the Malays, or with respect to any matter of native law or custom in the State of Sabah or Sarawak; nor shall Clause (6) validate any provision inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution relating to any such matter or relating to religion, citizenship, or language.

(7) At the expiration of a period of six months beginning with the date on which a Proclamation of Emergency ceases to be in force, any ordinance promulgated in pursuance of the Proclamation and, to the extent that it could not have been validly made but for this Article any law made while the Proclamation was in force, shall cease to have effect, except as to things done or omitted to be done before the expiration of that period.

(8) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution-

(a) the satisfaction of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong mentioned in Clause (1) and Clause (2B) shall be final and conclusive and shall not be challenged or called in question in any court on any ground; and

(b) no court shall have jurisdiction to entertain or determine any application, question or proceeding, in whatever form, on any ground, regarding the validity of-

(i) a Proclamation under Clauses (1) or of a declaration made in such Proclamation to the effect stated in Clause (1);

(ii) the continued operation of such Proclamation;

(iii) any ordinance promulgated under Clause (2B); or

(iv) the continuation in force of any such ordinance.

(9) For the purpose of this Article the Houses of Parliament shall be regarded as sitting only if the members of each House are respectively assembled together and carrying out the business of the House.
151

(1) Where any law or ordinance made or promulgated in pursuance of this Part provides for preventive detention-

(a) the authority on whose order any person is detained under that law or ordinance shall, as soon as may be, inform him of the grounds for his detention and, subject to Clause (3), the allegations of fact on which the order is based, and shall give him the opportunity of making representations against the order as soon as may be;

(b) no citizen shall continue to be detained under that law or ordinance unless an advisory board constituted as mentioned in Clause (2) has considered any representations made by him under paragraph (a) and made recommendations thereon to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong within three months of receiving such representations, or within such longer period as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may allow.

(2) An advisory board constituted for the purposes of this Article shall consist of a chairman, who shall be ap,pointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and who shall be or have been, or be qualified to be, a judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, or shall before Malaysia Day have been a judge of the Supreme Court, and two other members, who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong after consultation with the Lord President of the Supreme Court.

(3) This Article does not require any authority to disclose facts whose disclosure would in its opinion be against the national interest.

PART XII - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
第十二篇:一般和杂项

Article 152
152条 国家语言

(1) The national language shall be the Malay language and shall be in such script as Parliament may by law* provide:
(1) 国家语言既是马来语,并得如国会所制定的法律规定一般使用于任何文本上:

Provided that-
惟规定,

(a) no person shall be prohibited or prevented from using (otherwise than for official purposes), or from teaching or learning, any other language; and
(a) 不得禁止或阻止任何人(于任何官方用途之外)使用、教导或学习其他语言;及

(b) nothing in this Clause shall prejudice the right of the Federal Government or of any State Government to preserve and sustain the use and study of the language of any other community in the Federation.
(b) 本款无任何规定可妨碍联邦政府或州政府维护其它族群语言的使用和学习的权利。

(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), for a period of ten years after Merdeka Day, and thereafter until Parliament otherwise provides, the English language may be used in both Houses of Parliament, in the Legislative Assembly of every State, and for all other official purposes.

(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), for a period of ten years after Merdeka Day, and thereafter until Parliament otherwise provides, the authoritative texts-

(a) of all Bills to be introduced or amendments thereto to be moved in either House of Parliament, and

(b) of all Acts of Parliament and all subsidiary legislation issued by the Federal Government,

shall be in the English language.

(4) Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), for a period of ten years after Merdeka Day, and thereafter until Parliament otherwise provides, all proceedings in the Supreme Court or a High Court shall be in the English language:

Provided that, it the Court and counsel on both sides agree, evidence taken in language spoken by the witness need not be translated into or recorded in English.

(5) Notwithstanding the provisions of Clause (1), until Parliament otherwise provides, all proceedings in subordinate courts, other than the taking of evidence, shall be in the English language.

(6) In this Article, "official purpose" means any purpose of the Government, whether Federal or State, and includes any purpose of a public authority.
153

(1) It shall be the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to safeguard the special position of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities in accordance with the provisions of this Article.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, but subject to the provisions of Article 40 and of this Article, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall exercise his functions under this Constitution and federal law in such manner as may be necessary to safeguard the special provision of the Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and to ensure the reservation for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak of such proportion as he may deem reasonable of positions in the public service (other than the public service of a State) and of scholarships, exhibitions and other similar educational or training privileges or special facilities given or accorded by the Federal Government and, when any permit or licence for the operation of any trade or business is required by federal law, then, subject to the provisions of that law and this Article, of such permits and licences.

(3) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may, in order to ensure in accordance with Clause (2) the reservation to Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak of positions in the public service and of scholarships, exhibitions and other educational or training privileges or special facilities, give such general directions as may be required for that purpose to any Commission to which Part X applies or to any authority charged with responsibility for the grant of such scholarships, exhibitions or other educational or training privileges or special facilities; and the Commission or authority shall duly comply with the directions.

(4) In exercising his functions under this Constitution and federal law in accordance with Clauses (1) to (3) the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not deprive any person of any public office held by him or of the continuance of any scholarship, exhibition or other educational or training privileges or special facilities enjoyed by him.

(5) This Article does not derogate from the provisions of Article 136.

(6) Where by existing federal law a permit or licence is required for the operation of any trade or business the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may exercise his functions under that law in such manner, or give such general directions to any authority charged under that law with the grant of such permits or licences, as may be required to ensure the reservation of such proportion of such permits or licences for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may deem reasonable, and the authority shall duly comply with the directions.

(7) Nothing in this Article shall operate to deprive or authorise the deprivation of any person of any right, privilege, permit or licence accrued to or enjoyed or held by him or to authorised a refusal to renew to any person any such permit or licence or a refusal to grant to the heirs, successors or assigns of a person any permit or licence when the renewal or grant might reasonably be expected in the ordinary course of events.

(8) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, where by any federal law any permit or licence is required for the operation of any trade or business, that law may provide for the reservation of a proportion of such permits or licences for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak; but no such law shall for the purpose of ensuring such a reservation-

(a) deprive or authorise the deprivation of any person of any right, privilege, permit or licence accrued to or enjoyed or held by him;

(b) authorise a refusal to renew to any person any such permit or licence or a refusal to grant to the heirs, successors or assigns of any person any permit or licence when the renewal or grant might in accordance with he other provisions of the law reasonably be expected in the ordinary course of events, or prevent any person from transferring together with his business any transferable licence to operate that business; or

(c) where no permit or licence was previously required for the operation of the trade or business, authorise a refusal to grant a permit or licence to any person for the operation of any trade or business which immediately before the coming into force of the law he had been bona fide carrying on, or authorise a refusal subsequently to renew to any such person any permit or licence, or a refusal to grant to the heirs, successors or assigns of any such person any such permit or licence when the renewal or grant might in accordance with the other provisions of that law reasonably be expected in the ordinary course of events.

(8A) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, where in any University, College and other educational institution providing education after Malaysian Certificate of Education or its equivalent, the number of places offered by the authority responsible for the management of the University, College or such educational institution to candidates for any course of study is less than the number of candidates qualified for such places, it shall be lawful for the Yang di-Pertuan Agong by virtue of this Article to give such directions to the authority as may be required to ensure the reservation of such proportion of such places for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yank di-Pertuan Agong may deem reasonable, and the authority shall duly comply with the directions.

(9) Noting in this Article shall empower Parliament to restrict business or trade solely for the purpose of reservations for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak.

(9A) In this Article the expression "natives" in relation to the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall have the meaning assigned to it in Article 161A.

(10) The Constitution of the State of any Ruler may make provision corresponding (with the necessary modifications) to the provisions of this Article.
154

(1) Until Parliament otherwise determines, the municipality of Kuala Lumpur shall be the federal capital.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in Part VI, Parliament shall have exclusive power to make laws with respect to the boundaries of the federal capital.

(3) (Repealed).
155

(1) Where the law in force in any other part of the Commonwealth confers upon citizens of the Federation any fight or privilege it shall be lawful, notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, for Parliament to confer a similar right or privilege upon citizens of that part of the Commonwealth who are not citizens of the Federation.

(2) The reference in Clause (1) to citizens of a part of the Commonwealth shall be construed, in relation to the United Kingdom or to any other part of the Commonwealth not being a Commonwealth country or a territory administered by the Government of a Commonwealth country other than the United Kingdom, as a reference to citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies.

(3) This Article applies in relation to the Republic of Ireland as it applies in relation to a Commonwealth country.
156

Where lands, buildings, or hereditaments are occupied for public purposes by or on behalf of the Federation, a State or a public authority, the Federation, State of public authority shall be liable to pay local rates in respect thereof but shall in aid of those rates make such contributions in respect thereof as may be agreed between the Federation, State of public authority. as the case may be, and the authority levying the rates or as may in default of agreement be determined by a tribunal consisting of the chairman of the Lands Tribunal established under Article 87, who shall preside, and two other members of whom each of the parties concerned shall appoint one.
157

Subject to any provisions of State Law, arrangements may be made between any two States for the performance of any functions by the authorities of the one on behalf of the authorities of the other, and such arrangements may provide for the making of payments in respect of any costs incurred under the arrangements.
158

(1) Nothing in this Constitution shall be taken to prohibit the making or continuance of arrangements whereby-

(a) departments, authorities or services are maintained by the Federal Government in common with the Government of Brunei; or

(b) the Federal Government or any officer or authority thereof acts as agent for the Government of Brunei; or

(c) any part of the executive authority of the Federation is exercised, with the consent of the Federal Government, by any officer or authority of the Government of Brunei.

(2) (Repealed).
159

(1) Subject tot he following provisions of this Article and to Article 161E the provisions of this Constitution may be amended by federal law.

(2) (Repealed).

(3) A Bill for making any amendment to the Constitution (other than an amendment excepted from the provisions of this Clause) and a Bill for making any amendment to a law passed under Clause (4) of Article 10 shall not be passed in either House of Parliament unless it has been supported on Second and Third Readings by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of member of that House.

(4) The following amendments are excepted from the provisions of Clause (3), that is to say:

(a) any amendment to Part III of the Second or to the Sixth or Seventh Schedule;

(b) any amendment incidental to or consequential on the exercise of any power to make law conferred on Parliament by any provision of this Constitution other than Articles 74 and 76;

(bb) Subject to Article 161E any amendment made for or in connection with the admission of any State to the Federation or its association with the States thereof, or any modification made as to the application of this Constitution to a State previously so admitted or associated;

(c) any amendment consequential on an amendment made under paragraph (a).

(5) A law making an amendment to Clause (4) of Article 10, any law passed thereunder, the provisions of Part III, Article 38, 63 (4), 70, 71 (1), 72 (4), 152, or 153 or to this Clause shall not be passed without the consent of the Conference of Rulers.

(6) In this Article "amendment" includes addition and repeal; and in this Article and in Article 2(a) "State" includes any territory.
159a

The provisions of Part IV of the Malaysia Act* (which contains temporary and transitional provisions in connection with the operation of that Act) shall have effect as if embodied in this Constitution, and shall have effect notwithstanding anything in this Constitution as amended by that Act; and the provisions of this Constitution, and in particular Clause (1) of Article 4 and Articles 159 and 161E shall have effect in relation thereto accordingly.
160

(1) The Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance, 1948, as in force immediately before Merdeka Day shall, to the extent specified in the Eleventh Schedule, apply for the interpretation of this Constitution as it applies for the interpretation of any written law within the meaning of that Ordinance, but with the substitution of references to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for references to the High Commissioner.

(2) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say -

"Aborigine" means an aborigine of the Malay Peninsula;

"Act of Parliament" means a law made by Parliament;

"Attorney General" means the Attorney General of the Federation;

"Borrow" includes the raising of money by the grant of annuities or by entering into any arrangement requiring the payment before the due date of any taxes, rates, royalties, fees or any other payments or by entering into any agreement whereby the Government has to repay or refund any benefits that is has enjoyed under that agreement, and "loan" shall be construed accordingly;

"Casual vacancy" means a vacancy arising in the House of Representatives or a Legislative Assembly otherwise than by a dissolution of Parliament or of the Assembly;

"Chief Minister" and "Menteri Besar" both mean the president, by whatever style known, of the Executive Council in a State;

"Citizen" means a citizen of the Federation;

"Civil List" means the provision made for the maintenance of the Yang di-Pertua Agong, his Consort, a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri out of public funds;

"Commonwealth country" means any country recognised by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to be a Commonwealth country; and "part of the Commonwealth" means any Commonwealth country, any colony, protectorate or protected state or any other territory administered by the Government of any Commonwealth country;

"Concurrent List" means the Third List set out in the Ninth Schedule;

"Debt" includes any liability in respect of any obligation to repay capital sums by way of annuities and any liability under any guarantee, and "debt charges" shall be construed accordingly;

"Elector" means a person who is entitled to vote in an election to the House of Representatives or the Legislative Assembly of a State;

"Enactment", where the expression occurs in the Eighth Schedule, means a law made by the Legislature of a State;

"Executive Council" means the Cabinet or other body, however called, which in the Government of a State corresponds, whether or not the members of it are Ministers, to the Cabinet of Ministers in the Government of the Federation (and in particular includes the Supreme Council in Sarawak);

"Existing law" means any law in operation in the Federation or any part thereof immediately before Merdeka Day;

"Federal law" means -

(a) any existing law relating to a matter with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws, being a law continued in operation under Part XIII, and

(b) any Act of Parliament;

"Federal List" means the First list set out in the Ninth Schedule;

"Federal purposes" includes the purposes of the Federation in connection with matters enumerated in the Concurrent List and with any other matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws otherwise than by virtue of Article 76;

"Foreign country" does not include any part of the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland;

"Governor" (Repealed).

"Law" includes written law, the common law in so far as it is in operation in the Federation or any part thereof, and any custom or usage having the force of law in the Federation or any part thereof;

"Legislative Assembly" means the representatives assembly, however called, in the Legislature of a State (and in particular includes the Council Negri in Sarawak), but except in the Eighth Schedule includes also a Legislative Council, however called;

"Legislative Council" (Repealed);

"Legislature", in relation to a State, means the authority having power under the Constitution of that State to make laws for the State;

"Local rates" (Repealed);

"Malay" means a person who professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay custom and -

(a) was before Merdeka Day born in the Federation or in Singapore or born of parents one of whom was born in the Federation or in Singapore, or is on that day domiciled in the Federation or in Singapore; or

(b) is the issue of such a person;

"Member of the administration" means, in relation to the Federation, a person holding office as Minister, Deputy Minister, Parliamentary Secretary or Political Secretary and, in relation to a State, a person holding a corresponding office in the State or holding office as member (other than an official member) of the Executive Council;

"Merdeka Day" means the thirty-first day of August, nineteen hundred and fifty-seven;

"Office of profit" means any whole time office in any of the public services, and includes -

(a) the office of any judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court; and

(b) the office of Auditor General; and

(c) the office of a member of the Election Commission, of a member (other than an ex officio member) of a Commission to which Part X applies, or of a member (other that an ex officio member) of any corresponding Commission established by the Constitution of a State; and

(d) any other office not specified in Clause (3) of Article 132 which may be declared by Act of Parliament to be an office of profit;

"Pension rights" includes a superannuation rights and provident fund rights;

"Public authority" means the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Ruler or Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of a State, the Federal Government, the Government of a State, a local authority, a statutory authority exercising powers vested in it by federal or State law, any court or tribunal other than the Supreme Court and High Courts, or any officer or authority appointed by or acting on behalf of any of those person, courts, tribunals or authorities;

"Remuneration" includes salary or wages, allowances, pension rights, free or subsidised housing, free or subsidised transport, and other privileges capable of being valued in money;

"Rule Committee" (Repealed);

"Ruler" -

(a) in relation to Negeri Sembilan, means the Yang di-Pertuan Besar acting on behalf of himself and the Ruling Chiefs in accordance with the Constitution of that State; and

(b) in the case of any State, includes, except in Article 181 (2) and the Third and Fifth Schedules, any person who in accordance with the Constitution of that State exercises the functions of the Ruler;

"State" means a State of the Federation'

"State law" means -

(a) any existing law relating to a matter with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make law, being a law continued in operation under Part XIII; and

(b) a law made by the Legislature of a State;

"State List" means the Second List set out in the Ninth Schedule;

"State purposes" includes, in relation to any State, the purposes of the State in connection with matters enumerated in the Concurrent List and with any other matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws;

"Tax" includes am impost or a duty but does not include a rate levied for local purposes or a fee for services rendered;

"The Federation" means the Federation established under the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957;

"Written law" includes this Constitution and the Constitution of any State;

"Yang di-Pertuan Negeri" means the Head of State in a State not having a Ruler.

(3) Unless the context otherwise requires, any reference in this Constitution to a specified Part, Article or Schedule is a reference to that Part or Article of, or that Schedule to, this Constitution, any reference to a specified chapter, clause, section or paragraph is a reference to that chapter of the Part, that clause of the Article, that section of the Schedule, or that paragraph of that clause or section, in which the reference occurs; and any reference to a group of Articles, sections or divisions of Articles or sections shall be construed as including both the first and the last member of the group referred to.

(4) Where under this Constitution a person is required to take and subscribe an oath, he shall be permitted, if he so desires, to comply with that requirement by making and subscribing an affirmation.

(5) References in this Constitution to the Federation and its States and to the territories of the Federation or any of its States, and to any officer holding office under the Federation or any authority or body in or for the Federation shall be construed -

(a) in relation to any time after the coming into operation of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, and before Merdeka Day, as references to the Federation established under that Agreement, and the States and Settlements comprising it and to the territories of that Federation or any of the States and Settlements comprising it, and to the corresponding office holding office thereunder or the corresponding authority or body in or for that Federation;

(b) in relation to any time before the coming into operation of the said Agreement (so far as the context admits) as references to such of the countries, territories, offices, authorities or bodies for the construction of references to which provision was made by Clause 135 (2) of the said Agreement, as may be appropriate.

(6) References in this Constitution to any period shall be construed, so far as the context admits, as including references to a period beginning before Merdeka Day.

(7) References in this Constitution to the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, shall be construed, except where the context otherwise require, as references to that Agreement as in force immediately before Merdeka Day.

PART XIIA - ADDITIONAL PROTECTIONS FOR STATES OF SABAH AND SARAWAK
161

(1) No Act of Parliament terminating or restricting the use of the English language for any of the purposes mentioned in Clauses (2) to (5) of Article 152 shall come into operation as regards the use of the English language in any case mentioned in Clause (2) of this Article until ten years after Malaysia Day.

(2) Clause (1) applies -

(a) to the use of the English language in either House of Parliament by a member for or from the State of Sabah or Sarawak; and

(b) to the use of the English language for proceedings in the High Court in Borneo or in a subordinate court in the State of Sabah or Sarawak, or for such proceedings in the Supreme Court as are mentioned in Clause (4); and

(c) to the use of the English language in the State of Sabah or Sarawak in the Legislative Assembly or for other official purposes (including the official purposes of the Federal Government).

(3) Without prejudice to Clause (1), no such Act of Parliament as is there mentioned shall come into operation as regards the use of the English language for proceedings in the High Court in Borneo or for such proceedings in the Supreme Court as are mentioned in Clause (4), until the Act or the relevant provision of it has been approved by enactments of the Legislatures of the States of Sabah and Sarawak; and no such Act shall come into operation as regards the use of the English language in the State of Sabah or Sarawak in any other case mentioned in paragraph (b) or (c) of Clause (2), until the Act or the relevant provision of it has been approved by an enactment of the Legislature of that State.

(4) The proceedings in the Supreme Court referred to in Clauses (2) and (3) are any proceedings on appeal from the High Court in Borneo or a judge thereof, and any proceedings under Clause (2) of Article 128 for the determination of a question which has arisen in proceedings before the High Court in Borneo or a ubordinate court in the State of Sabah or Sarawak.

(5) Notwithstanding anything in Article 152, in the State of Sabah or Sarawak a native language in current use in the State may be used in native courts or for any code of native law and custom, and in the case of Sarawak, until otherwise provided by enactment of the Legislature, may be used by a member addressing the Legislative Assembly or any committee thereof.
161a

(1), (2) and (3) (Repealed).

(4) The Constitutions of the States of Sabah and Sarawak may make provision corresponding (with the necessary modifications) to Article 153.

(5) Article 89 shall not apply to the State of Sabah or Sarawak, and Article 8 shall not invalidate or prohibit any provision of State law in the State of Sabah or Sarawak for the reservation of land for natives of the State or for alienation to them, or for giving them preferential treatment as regards the alienation of land by the State.

(6) In this Article "native" means-

(a) in relation. to Sarawak, a person who is a citizen and either belongs to one of the races specified in Clause (7) as indigenous to the State or is of mixed blood deriving exclusively from those races; and

(b) in relation to Sabah, a person who is a citizen, is the child or grandchild of a person of a race indigenous to Sabah, and was born (whether on or after Malaysia Day or not) either in Sabah or to a father domiciled in Sabah at the time of the birth.

(7) The races to be treated for the purposes of the definition of "native" in Clause (6) as indigenous to Sarawak are the Bukitans, Bisayahs, Dusuns, Sea Dayaks, Land Dayaks, Kadayans, Kalabit, Kayans, Kenyags (Including Sabups and Sipengs), Kajangs (including Sekapans,. Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tanjongs dan Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Malays, Melanos, Muruts, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns and Ukits.
161b



(1) In so far as any provision made by or under an Act of Parliament, by removing or altering a residence qualification, confers a right to practise before a court in the States of Sabah and Sarawak or either of them on persons not previously having the right, that provision shall not come into operation until adopted in the States or State in question by an enactment of the Legislature.

(2) This Article shall apply to the right to practise before the Supreme Court when sitting in the States of Sabah and Sarawak and entertaining proceedings on appeal from the High Court in Borneo or a judge thereof or proceedings under Clause (2) of Article 128 for the determination of a question which has arisen in proceedings before the High Court in Borneo or a subordinate court in the State of Sabah or Sarawak.
161c

(Repealed)
161d

(Repealed)
161e

(1) As from the passing of the Malaysia Act no amendment to the Constitution made in connection with the admission to the Federation of the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall be excepted from Clause (3) of Article 159 by Clause (4) (bb) of that Article; nor shall any modification made as to the application of the Constitution to the State of Sabah or Sarawak be so excepted unless the modification is such as to equate or assimilate the position of that State under the Constitution to the position of the States of Malaya.

(2) No amendment shall be made to the Constitution without the concurrence of the Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of the State of Sabah or Sarawak or each of the States of Sabah and Sarawak concerned, if the amendment is such as to affect the operation of the Constitution as regards any of the following matters:

(a) the right of persons born before Malaysia Day to citizenship by reason of a connection with the State, and (except to the extent that different provision is made by the Constitution as in force on Malaysia Day) the equal treatment, as regards their own citizenship and that of others, or persons born or resident in the State and of persons born or resident in the States of Malaya;

(b) the constitution and jurisdiction of the High Court in Borneo and the appointment, removal and suspension of judges of that court;

(c) the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State may (or Parliament may not) make laws, and the executive authority of the State in those matters, and (so far as related thereto) the financial arrangements between the Federation and the State;

(d) religion in the State, the use in the State or in Parliament of any language and the special treatment of natives of the State;

(e) the allocation to the State, in any Parliament summoned to meet before the end of August, 1970, of a quota of members of the House of Representatives not less, in proportion to the total allocated to the other States which are members of the Federation in Malaysia Day, than the quota allocated to the State on that Day.

(3) No amendments to the Constitution which affects its operation as regards the quota of members of the House of Representatives allocated to the State of Sabah or Sarawak shall be treated for purposes of Clause (1) as equating or assimilating the position of that State to the position of the States of Malaya.

(4) In relation to any rights and powers conferred by federal law on the Government of the State of Sabah or Sarawak as regards entry into the State and residence in the State and matters connected therewith (whether or not the law is passed before Malaysia Day) Clause (2) shall apply, except in so far as the law provides to the contrary, as if the law had been embodied in the Constitution and those rights and powers had been included among the matters mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e) of that Clause.

(5) In this Article "amendment" includes addition and repeal.
161f

(Repealed).
161g

(Repealed).
161h

(Repealed).

PART XIII - TEMPORARY AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
162

(1) Subject to the following provisions of this Article and Article 163, the existing laws shall until repealed by the authority having power to do so under this Constitution, continue in force on and after Merdeka Day, with such modifications as may be made therein under this Article and subject to any amendments made by federal or State law.

(2) Where any State law amends or repeals an existing law made by the Legislature of a State, nothing in Article 75 shall invalidate the amendment or repeal by reason only that the existing law, relating to a matter with regard to which Parliament as well as the Legislature of a State has power to make laws, is federal law as defined by Article 160.

(3) References in any existing law to the Federation established by the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, and its territories, and to any officer holding office under that Federation or to any authority or body constituted in or for that Federation (including any references falling to be construed as such references by virtue of Clause 135 of the said Agreement) shall be construed, in relation to any time on and after Merdeka Day, as references to the Federation (that is to say, the Agreement, 1957) and its territories and to the corresponding officer, authority or body respectively; and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by order declare what office, authority or body is to be taken for the purposes of this Clause to correspond to any officer, authority or body referred to in any existing law.

(4) (Repealed).

(5) Any order made under Clause (4) may be amended or repealed by the authority having power to make laws with respect to the matter to which the order relates.

(6) any court or tribunal applying the provision of any existing law which has not been modified on or after Merdeka Day under this Article or otherwise may apply it with such modifications as may be necessary to bring it into accord with the provision of this Constitution.

(7) In this Article "modification" includes amendment, adaptation and repeal.
163

(Repealed).
164

(Repealed).
165

(Repealed).
166

(1) (Repealed).

(2) (Repealed).

(3) Any land vested in the State of Malacca or the State of Penang which immediately before Merdeka Day was occupied or used by the Federation Government or Her Majesty's Government or by any public authority for purposes which in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution become federal purposes shall on and after that day be occupied, used, controlled and managed by the Federal Government or, as the case may be, the said public authority, so long as it is required for federal purposes, and -

(a) shall not be disposed of or used for any purposes other that federal purposes without the consent of the Federal Government, and

(b) shall not be used for federal purposes different from the purposes for which it was used immediately before Merdeka Day without the consent of the Government of the State.
(4) (Repealed).
(5) (Repealed).
(6) (Repealed).
(7) (Repealed).
(8) Any property which was, immediately before Merdeka Day, liable to escheat to Her Majesty in respect of the Government of Malacca or the Government of Penang shall on that day be liable to escheat to the State of Malacca or the State of Penang, as the case may be.

167
(1) (Repealed).
(2) (Repealed).
(3) (Repealed).
(4) (Repealed).
(5) (Repealed).
(6) The Attorney General shall, on the application of any party interested in any legal proceedings, other than proceedings between the Federation and a State, certify whether any right, liability or obligation is by virtue of this Article a right, liability or obligation of the Federation or of a State named in the certificate, and any such certificate shall for the purposes of those proceedings be final and binding on all courts, but shall not operate to prejudice the rights and obligations of the Federation and any State as between themselves.
(7) The Federation shall make the like annual payments as fell to be made before Merdeka Day under Article II of the Treaty made on the sixth day of May, eighteen hundred and sixty-nine, between Her Majesty of the one part and the King of Siam of the other part relative to the State of Kedah.

168 (Repealed).

169

For the purposes of Article 76 (1) -

(a) any treaty, agreement or convention entered into before Merdeka Day between Her Majesty or her predecessors or the Government of the United Kingdom on behalf of the Federation or any part thereof and another country shall be deemed to be a treaty, agreement or convention between the Federation and that other country;
(b) any decision taken by an international organisation and accepted before Merdeka Day by the Government of the United Kingdom on behalf of the Federation or any part thereof shall be deemed to be a decision of an international organisation of which the Federation is a member;
(c) in relation to the States of Sabah and Sarawak paragraphs (a) and (b) shall apply with the substitution of references to Merdeka Day and of references to the territories comprised in those State or any of them for the references to the Federation or any part thereof.

170 (Repealed).

171 (Repealed).

172 (Repealed).

173 (Repealed).

174 (Repealed).

175

The person holding office as Director of Audit immediately before Merdeka Day shall, as from that day, hold office as Auditor General on terms and conditions not less favourable that those applicable to him immediately before Merdeka Day.

176

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitutions and any existing law, all persons serving in connection with the affairs of the Federation immediately before Merdeka Day shall continue to have the same powers and to exercise the same functions on Merdeka Day on the same terms and conditions as were applicable to them immediately before that day.
(2) This Article does not apply to the High Commissioner or the Chief Secretary.

177
A person who, under any provision of this Parts, holds office under the Federation by virtue of having been the holder of a corresponding office immediately before Merdeka Day may, until Parliament otherwise provides, perform his functions without taking the oath required in the case of other holders of that office.

178

Until Parliament otherwise provides, the remuneration payable to the person holding offices of Prime Minister and other Ministers shall be the same as was payable immediately before Merdeka Day, to the Chief Minister and other Minister of the Federation respectively.

179

Any agreement in force immediately before Merdeka Day relating to the proportion of the remuneration payable by the Federation and any State in respect of any such employment as is mentioned in Article 133 (2) shall continue in force until superseded by a new agreement or federal law.

Article number: 180

(1) The Tenth Schedule to the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, shall continue in force on and after Merdeka Day, but with the modification that any reference therein to the High Commissioner shall be construed as a reference to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
(2) The said Schedule shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be federal law and may, subject to the provisions of Article 147, be amended and repealed accordingly.
(3) In its application to any law made under Clause (2) of Article 147 shall have effect as if references therein to an award included compensation.

PART XIV - SAVING FOR RULERS' SOVEREIGNTY, ETC.
181

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the sovereignty, prerogative, powers and jurisdiction of the Rulers and the prerogatives, powers and jurisdiction of the Ruling Chiefs of Negeri Sembiliam within their respective territories as hitherto had and enjoyed shall remain unaffected.
(2) No proceedings whatsoever shall be brought in any court against the Ruler of a State in his personal capacity.

PART XV - PROCEEDINGS AGAINST THE YANG Dl-PERTUAN AGONG AND THE RULERS
The Special Court
182.
(1) There shall be a court which shall be known as the Special Court and shall consist of the Chief Justice of the Federal Court, who shall be the Chairman, the Chief Judges of the High Courts, and two other persons who hold or have held office as judge of the Federal Court or a High Court appointed by the Conference of Rulers.
(2) Any proceedings by or against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of a State in his personal capacity shall be brought in a Special Court established under Clause (1).
(3) The Special Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to try all offences committed in the Federation by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of a State and all civil cases by or against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of a State notwithstanding where the cause of action arose.
(4) The Special Court shall have the same jurisdiction and powers as are vested in the inferior courts, the High Court and the Federal Court by this Constitution or any federal law and shall have its registry in Kuala Lumpur.
(5) Until Parliament by law makes special provision to the contrary in respect of procedure (including the hearing of proceedings in camera) in civil or criminal cases and the law regulating evidence and proof in civil and criminal proceedings, the practice and procedure applicable in any proceedings in any inferior court, any High Court and the Federal Court shall apply in any proceedings in the Special Court.
(6) The proceedings in the Special Court shall be decided in accordance with the opinion of the majority of the members and its decision shall be final and conclusive and shall not be challenged or called in question in any court on any ground.
(7) The Yang di-Pertuan Agong may, on the advice of the Chief Justice, make such rules as he may deem necessary or expedient to provide for the removal of any difficulty or anomaly whatsoever in any written law or in the carrying out of any function, the exercise of any power, the discharge of any duty, or the doing of
any act, under any written law, that may be occasioned by this Article; and for that purpose such rules may make any modification, adaptation, alteration, change or amendment whatsoever to any written law.

No action to be instituted against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or a Ruler except with the consent of the Attorney General personally

183. No action, civil or criminal, shall be instituted against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the Ruler of a State in respect anything done or omitted to be done by him in his personal capacity except with the consent of the Attorney General personally.

FIRST SCHEDULE
OATH OF APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION OR NATURALISATION

I.........of hereby declare on oath that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all loyalty to any country or State outside the Federation, and I do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and be a true, loyal and faithful citizen of the Federation.
SECOND SCHEDULE
PART I
CITIZENSHIP BY OPERATION OF LAW OF PERSONS BORN BEFORE MALAYSIA DAY
1.

(1) Subject to the provision of Part III of this Constitution and anything done thereunder before Malaysia Day, the following persons born before Malaysia Day are citizens by operation of law, that is to say:

(a) every person who immediately before Merdeka Day, was a citizen of the Federation by virtue of any of the provisions of the Federation of Malaya Agreement,* 9148, whether by operation of law or otherwise;

(b) every person born within the Federation on or after Merdeka Day and before October, 1962;

(c) every person born within the Federation after September, 1962, of whose parents one at least was at the time of the birth either a citizen or permanently resident in the Federation, or who was not born a citizen of any other country;

(d) every person born outside the Federation on or after Merdeka Day whose father was a citizen at the time of his birth and either was born in the Federation or was at the time of the birth in service under the Government of the Federation or of a State;

(e) every person born outside the Federation on or after Merdeka Day whose father was a citizen at the time of the birth if the birth was, or is, within one year of its occurrence or within such longer period as in any particular case was or is allowed by the Federal Government, registered at a consulate of the Federation or, if it occurred in Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei or North Borneo, registered with the Federal Government.

(2) A person is not a citizen by virtue of paragraph (b) or (c) of subsection (1) is, at the time of his birth, his father, not being a citizen, possessed such immunity from suit and legal process as is accorded to an envoy of a sovereign power accredited to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
2. Subject to the provisions of Part III of this Constitution, a person ordinarily resident in the State of Sabah or Sarawak or in Brunei on Malaysia Day is a citizen by operation of law if he was immediately before that day a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, and either -

(a) was born in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak; or

(b) became such a citizen by registration in those territories or by or in consequence of naturalisation there.

PART II

CITIZENSHIP BY OPERATION OF LAW OF PERSONS BORN ON OR AFTER MALAYSIA DAY

1. Subject to the provision of Part III of this Constitution, the following persons born on or after Malaysia Day are citizens by operation of law, that is to say:

(a) every person born within the Federation of whose parents one at least is at the time of the birth either a citizen or permanently resident in the Federation; and

(b) every person born outside the Federation whose father is at the time of the birth a citizen and either was born in the Federation or is at the time of the birth in the service of the Federation or of a State; and

(c) every person born outside the Federation whose father is at the time of the birth a citizen and whose birth is, within one year of its occurrence or within such longer period as the Federal Government may in any particular case allow, registered at a consulate of the Federation or, if it occurs in Brunei or in a territory prescribed for this purpose by order of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, registered with the Federal Government; and

(d) every person born in Singapore of whose parents one at least is at the time of the birth a citizen and who is not born a citizen otherwise than by virtue of this paragraph; and

(e) every person born within the Federation who is not born a citizen of any country otherwise than by virtue of this paragraph.
2.

(1) A person is not a citizen by virtue of paragraph (a), (d) or (e) of section 1 if, at the time of his birth, his father, not being a citizen, possesses such immunity from suit and legal process as is accorded to an envoy of a sovereign power accredited to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or if his father is then an enemy alien and the birth occurs in a place under the occupation of the enemy.

(2) In section 1 the reference in paragraph (b) to a person having been born in the Federation includes his having been born before Malaysia Day in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak.

(3) For the purposes of paragraph (c) of section 1 a person is to be treated as having at birth any citizenship which he acquires within one year afterwards by virtue of any provisions corresponding to paragraph (c) of that section or otherwise.

PART III

SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISION RELATING TO CITIZENSHIP

The Minister

1. The functions of the Federal Government under Part III of this Constitution shall be exercised by such Minister of the Government as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may from time to time direct, and references in this Schedule to the Minister shall be construed accordingly.

2. A decision of the Federal Government under Part III of this Constitution shall not be subject to appeal or review in any court.

3. (Repealed).

4.

(1) The Minister may delegate to any officer of the Federal Government or, with the consent of the Ruler or Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of any State, to any officer of the Government of that State, any of his functions under Part III of this Constitution or this Schedule relating to citizenship by registration and the keeping of registers, and, in relation orders under paragraph (c) of Clause (1) of Article 25 or under Article 26, any of his functions under Article 27 prior to determine whether to make such an order; but any person aggrieved by the decision of a person to whom the functions of the Minister are so delegated may appeal to the Minister.

(2) The Minister may also, with the consent of the Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of the State, delegate to an authority of the State of Sabah or Sarawak (subject or not to conditions providing for an appeal from that authority to the Minister) any of the Minister's functions under Clause (6) of Article 28A which are not required to be delegated by Clause (7) of that Article.

(3) Subsection (1) shall apply to enrolments under Clause (2) of Article 19A as it applies to citizenship by registration, and to the cancellation under Clause (4) of Article 19A of an enrolment under that Article as it applies to an order under Article 26.
5. (Repealed).

Functions of Minister

6. Subject to federal law, the Minister may make rules* and prescribe forms for the purpose of the exercise of his functions under Part III of this Constitution.

7. Any power of the Federal Government to extend, for purposes of Part III of this Constitution, the period for registering a birth occurring outside the Federation may be exercised either before or after the registration has been affected.

8. (Repealed).

9. Any notice to be given by the Minister to any person under Article 27 may be sent to that person at his last known address, or, in the case of a person under the age of twenty-one years (not being a married woman), to his parent or guardian at the last known address of the parent or guardian; and if an address at which notice may be sent to any person under this section is not known and cannot after reasonable inquiry be ascertained, the notice may be given by publication in the Gazette.

10.

(1) It shall be the duty of the Minister to compile and maintain -

(a) a register of citizens by registration;

(b) a register of citizens by naturalisation;

(c) a register of persons to whom certificates have been issued under Clause (1) of Article 30;

(d) a register of person who have renounced or been deprived of citizenship under any provision of Part III of this Constitution;

(e) (Repealed).

(f) an alphabetical index of all person referred to in paragraphs (a) to (d).

(2) References in this section to citizen by registration or by naturalisation shall be construed in accordance with Article 28 as if this section were included among the provisions to which that Article applies.
11. If the Minister has reason to believe that an error appears in any register compiled under section 10, he shall, after giving notice to the person concerned and after considering such representations from him as he may choose to make, make such alteration on the register as appears to the Minister to be necessary to correct the error.

12. Subject to section 11, the said register shall be conclusive evidence of the matters therein contained.

13 - 15. (Repealed).

Offences

16.

(1) It shall be an offence punishable with imprisonment for two years or a fine of one thousand ringgit or both for any person -

(a) knowingly to make any false statement with a view to inducing the Minister to grant or refuse any applications under Part III of this Constitution, including any application to determine whether the applicant is a citizen by operation of law; or

(b) to forge or without lawful authority alter any certificate, whether issued or granted in the Federation or elsewhere, or without lawful authority use or have in his possession any certificate which has been so forged or altered; or

(c) to fail to comply with any requirement imposed upon him by any rules made under section 6 with respect to the delivering up of certificates;

(d) to personate or falsely represent himself to be or not to be a person to whom a certificate, whether issued in the Federation or elsewhere, has been duly issued or granted.

(2) In this section "certificate" means any certificate of the following descriptions issued under Part III of this Constitution that is to say -

(a) any certificate of registration or of naturalisation as a citizen; and

(b) any certificate of registration effected at a consulate of the Federation or elsewhere outside the Federation; and

(c) any such certificate as is mentioned in Article 30.

Interpretation

17. For the purposes of Part III of this Constitution references to a person's father or to his parent, or to one of his parents, are in relation to a person who is illegitimate to be construed as references to his mother, and accordingly section 19 of this Schedule shall not apply to such a person.

18. In relation to an adopted child whose adoption has been registered under any written law in force in the Federation, including any such law in force before Merdeka Day, Clause (3) of Article 15 shall have effect as if for the reference to his father there were substituted a reference to the adopter, and references in that Clause and section 9 of this Part of this Schedule to his parent shall be construed accordingly.

19. Any reference in Part III of this Constitution to the status or description of the father of a person at the time of that person's birth shall, in relation to a person born after the death of his father, be construed as a reference to the status or description of the father at the time of the father's death; and where that death occurred before and the birth occurs on or after Merdeka Day, the status or description which would have been applicable to the father had he died after Merdeka Day shall be deemed to be the status or description applicable to him at the time of his death. This section shall have effect relation to Malaysia Day as it has effect relation to Merdeka Day.

19A. For the purposes of Part I and II of this Schedule a person born on board a registered ship or aircraft shall be deemed to have been born in the place in which the ship or aircraft was registered, and a person born on board an unregistered ship or aircraft of the Government of any country shall be deemed to have been born in that country.

19B. For the purposes of Part I and II of this Schedule any new born child found exposed in any place shall be presumed, until the contrary is shown, to have been born there of a mother permanently resident there; and if he is treated by virtue of this section as so born, the date of the finding shall be taken to be the date of the birth.

19C. For the purposes of Part I or II of the Schedule a person shall be treated as having been at any time permanently resident in the Federation if, but only if, he was then resident in the Federation and either -

(a) he then had permission, granted without limit of time under any federal law, to reside there; or

(b) it is certified by the Federal Government that he is to be treated for those purposes as a permanent resident in the Federation.

20.

(1) In calculating for the purposes of Part III of this Constitution any residence in the Federation -

(a) a period of absence from the Federation of less than six months;

(b) a period of absence from the Federation for the purposes of education of such kind, in such country and for such time as may from time to time be either generally or specially approved by the Minister;

(c) a period of absence from the Federation for reasons of health;

(d) a period of absence from the Federation on duty in the service of the Federation or of any State, where such period is not inconsistent with the essential continuity of such residence; and

(e) a period of absence from the Federation for any other cause prescribed generally or specially by the Minister, shall be treated as residence in the Federation.

(2) In calculating for the purposes of Part III of this Constitution any residence in the Federation -

(a) a period during which a person was not lawfully resident in the Federation;

(b) a period spent as an inmate of any prison or as a person detained in lawful custody in any other place, other than a mental hospital, under the provision of any written law of the Federation; and

(c) a period during which a person is allowed to remain temporarily in the Federation under the authority of any pass issued or exemption order made under the provisions of any written law of the Federation relating to immigration, shall not, except in the case of any period referred to in paragraph (c) with the consent of the Minister, be treated as residence in the Federation.

(3) For the purposes of Part II of this Constitution a person shall be deemed to be resident in the Federation on a particular day if he had been resident in the Federation before that day and that day is included in any period of absence referred to in subsection (1).

(4) This section shall apply in relation to any part of the Federation and the territories comprised in that part before Malaysia Day as it applies in relation to the Federation as a whole, and the reference in subsection (1) (d) to the service of a State shall include, in relation to those territories, the service of any Government having jurisdiction therein before Malaysia Day; and in relation to Malaysia Day or any later day subsection (3) shall apply as if the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak had at all times formed part of the Federation.

21. For the purposes of Part III of this Constitution "consulate of the Federation" includes any office exercising consular function on behalf of the Federation.

22. Except in so far as the context otherwise requires, references in this Schedule to Part III of this Constitution are to be read as including references to this Schedule.

THIRD SCHEDULE
ELECTION OF YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG AND TIMBALAN YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG
Part 1 - ELECTION OF YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG

1.

(1) A Ruler is qualified to be elected Yang di-Pertuan Agong unless -

(a) he is a minor, or

(b) he has notified the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal that he does not desire to be elected, or

(c) the Conference of Rulers by secret ballot resolves that he is unsuitable by reason of infirmity of mind or body or for any other cause to exercise the functions of Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

(2) A resolution under this section shall not be carried unless at least five members of the Conference have voted in favour of it.
2. The Conference of Rulers shall offer the office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong to the Ruler qualified for election whose State if first on the election list described in section 4 and, if he does not accept the office, to the Ruler whose State is next on the list, and so on until a Ruler accepts the office.

3. When a Ruler to whom the office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong has been offered in accordance with section 2 has accepted the office, the Conference of Rulers shall declare him elected and the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal shall notify the result of the election in writing to both Houses of Parliament.

4.

(1) The election list -

(a) shall for the purposes of the first election be a list comprising the States of all Rulers in the order in which Their Royal Highnesses then recognize precedence among themselves;

(b) shall for the purposes of subsequent elections be that list as varied in accordance with subsection (2) until it is reconstituted under subsection (3), and shall then be the list to reconstituted but varied, for the purposes of further elections, in accordance with subsection (4).

(2) The list in force at the first election shall be varied as follows -

(a) after each election any States preceding on the list the State whose Ruler was elected shall be transferred (in order in which they are then on the list) to the end of the list, and the State whose Ruler was elected shall be omitted;

(b) whenever there is a change in the Ruler of a State then on the list, that State shall be transferred to the end of the list (and if on the same day there is a change in the Rulers of more than one such State, those States shall be so transferred in the order in which they are then on the list).

(3) When no State remains on the list as varied in accordance with subsection (2), or if at an election no Ruler of a State on that list is qualified for election or accepts office, the election list shall be reconstituted so as to comprise again the States of all the Rulers, but in the following order, that is to say, those whose Rulers have held the office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong in the order in which their Rulers have held that office, and the others (if any) following them in the order in which they were on the list before it was reconstituted.

(4) After each election held in accordance with the reconstituted list that list shall be varied as follows;

(a) any State preceding on the list the State whose Ruler was elected shall be transferred (in the order in which they are then on the list) to the end of the list; and

(b) the State whose Ruler was elected shall then be place last.

PART II - ELECTION OF TIMBALAN YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG

5. A Ruler is qualified to be elected Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong unless -

(a) he would not be qualified to be elected Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or

(b) he has notified the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal that he does not desire to be elected.
6. The Conference of Rulers shall not elect a Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong while the office of Yang di-Pertuan Agong is vacant.

7. The Conference of Rulers shall offer the office of Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong to the Ruler qualified for election who, on the death of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong last elected, would be the first entitled to be offered the office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and, if he does not accept it, to the next and so on until a Ruler accepts the office.

PART III - REMOVAL OF YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG

8. A resolution of the Conference of Rulers to remove the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from office shall not be carried unless at least five members of the Conference have voted in favour of it.

PART IV - GENERAL

9. (Repealed).

10. In section 4 (3) the expression "Ruler" includes a past Ruler.

FOURTH SCHEDULE
OATHS OF OFFICE OF YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG AND TIMBALAN YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG
Part 1 - OATH OF YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG
Kami ....................ibni .......................... Yang di-Pertuan Agong bagi Malaysia bersumpah dengan malafazkan:

Wallahi;

Wabillahi;

Watallahi;

maka dengan lafaz ini berikrarlah kami dengan sesungguh dan dengan sebenarnya mengaku akan taat setia pada menjalankan dengan adilnya pemerintahan bagi Malaysia dengan mengikut sebagaimana Undang-undang dan Perlembagaan Negeri yang telah disah dan dimasyhurkan dan yang akan disah dan dimasyhurkan di masa hadapan ini. Dan lagi kami berikrar mengaku dengan sesungguh dan dengan sebenarnya memliharakan pada setiap masa Ugama Islam dan berdiri tetap di atas pemerintahan yang adil dan aman di dalam negeri.

Part II - OATH OF TIMBALAN YANG DI-PERTUAN AGONG

Kami ....................ibni........................... yang telah dilantik menjadi Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong bagi Malaysia bersumpah dengan melafazkan:

Wallahi;

Wabillahi;

Watallahi;

dan dengan lafaz ini berikrarlah kami dengan sesungguh dan dengan sebenarnya mengaku akan taat setia pada menjalankan tanggungan kami yang telah ditetapkan dan yang akan ditetapkan pada suatu masa ke suatu masa yang ke hadapah ini olch Undang-undang dan Perlembagaan Negeri Malaysia.

Part III - ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS

We ..................... ibni ............................. Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia do hereby swear

Wallahi;

Wabillahi;

Watallahi;

and by virtue of that oath do solemnly and truly declare that We shall justly and faithfully perform (carry out) our duties in the administration of Malaysia in accordance with its laws and constitution which have been promulgated or which may be promulgated from time to time in the future. Further We do solemnly and truly declare that We shall at all time protect the Religion of Islam and uphold the rules of law and order in the Country.

We .................... ibni ............................. being elected to be the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia do hereby swear:

Wallahi;

Wabillahi;

Watallabi;

and by virtue of that oath do solemnly and truly declare that We shall faithfully perform (carry out) our duties as Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong as laid down and as may from time to time be laid down by the laws and the Constitution of Malaysia.

FIFTH SCHEDULE
THE CONFERENCE OF RULERS
1. The Conference of Rulers shall, subject to the following provisions of this Schedule, consist of Their Royal Highnesses the Rulers and the Yang di-Pertua Yang di-Pertua Negeri of States not having a Ruler.

2. The place of His Royal Highness the Ruler of any State of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of any State as a member of the Conference of Rulers may in any case in which the Constitution of that State so provides be taken by such person as that Constitution may provide.

3. The Conference of Rulers shall have a Rulers' Seal which shall be kept in custody of a person appointed by the Conference.

4. The person appointed under section 3 shall be known as the Penyimpan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja (Keeper of the Rulers' Seal), shall act as secretary to the Conference of Rulers and shall hold his office at the pleasure of the Conference.

5. A majority of the members of the Conference of Rulers shall form a quorum and, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Conference may determine its own procedure.

6. The Keeper of the Rulers' Seal shall convene the Conference of Rulers whenever required to do so by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or by not less than three members of the Conference and, without being so required, not later than four weeks before the expiry of the term of office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and whenever a vacancy occurs in that office or in the office of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

7. The Yang di-Pertua-Yang di-Pertua Negeri of States not having a Ruler shall not be members of the Conference of Rulers for the purposes of any proceedings relating to the election or for the purposes of any proceedings relating to the election or removal of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or the election of the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong or relating solely to the privileges, position, honours and dignities or Their Royal Highnesses or to religious acts, observances or ceremonies.

8. In any case where the Conference of Rulers is not unanimous it shall take its decision by a majority of the members voting, subject however to the provisions of the Third Schedule.

9. Any consent, appointment or advice of the Conference of Rulers required under this Constitution shall be signified under the Rulers' Seal, and where, in the case of any proposed appointment, a majority of the members of the Conference have indicated, by writing addressed to the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal that they are in favour of the appointment, he shall so signify the advice of the Conference without convening it.

SIXTH SHEDULE
FORMS OF OATHS AND AFFIRMATIONS
1. Oath of Office and Allegiance

"I, ..........................., having been elected (or appointed) to the office of .................... do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge the duties of that office to the best of my ability, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Malaysia, and will preserve, protect and defend its Constitution."

(NOTE - A judge of the Supreme Court, other than the Lord President, or a judge of a High Court shall use the words "mu judicial duties in that or any other office" in place of the words "the duties of that office".)

2. Oath as Member of Parliament and of Allegiance

"I, ........................., having been elected (or appointed) as a member of the House of Representatives (or the Senate) do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Malaysia, and will preserve, protect and defend its Constitution."

3. Oath of Secrecy

"I, ........................., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as ................. except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such or as may be specially permitted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong."

SEVENTH SCHEDULE
ELECTION AND RETIREMENT OF SENATORS
Part I - ELECTION OF SENATORS
1.

(1) (Repealed).

(2) As often as there is a vacancy among the members elected to the Senate by a State the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall give notice to the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State that an election of a Senator is required and the Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall require the Legislative Assembly to elect a Senator as soon as may be.
2.

(1) The names of candidates for election shall be proposed and seconded by members of the Assembly and the member proposing or the member seconding shall submit a statement in writing, signed by the person nominated, that he is willing to serve as a Senator if elected.

(2) When all the nominations have been received, the presiding officer shall announce the names of the persons nominated in alphabetical order and shall then put their names to the vote in that order.

(3) Each member present shall be entitled to vote for as many candidates as there are vacancies to be filled, and the names of the members voting for each candidate shall be recorded; and if any member casts a vote in addition to those allowed by this subsection that vote shall be void.

(4) The presiding officer shall declare to be elected the candidate or candidates who receive the largest number of votes, but if two or more candidates have an equal number of votes and the number of those candidates is larger than the number of vacancies to be filled, the election of those candidates shall be determined by lot.
3. Notwithstanding anything in section 2, if a vacancy due to the expiry of the term of office of a Senator is to be filled at the same meeting as a vacancy arising in any other way there shall first be an election to fill the vacancy due to the expiry of the term and then a separate election to fill the other vacancy.

4. The presiding officer shall certify to the clerk to the Senate, by writing under his hand, the name of a person elected as Senator in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule.

5. If any question arises whether a member of the Senate has been duly elected in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule, the decision of the Senate shall be taken and shall be final, but the failure to hold an election under section 1 (2) as soon as my be shall not of itself invalidate the election of any Senator.

PART II - RETIREMENT OF SENATORS

6. (Repealed).

7. (Repealed).

8. The term of office of a person or appointed to replace a person who has died to be a Senator before the expiration of his term shall be the remainder of that term.

EIGHT SCHEDULE
PROVISIONS TO BE INSERTED IN STATE CONSTITUTION
PART I - FINAL PROVISIONS

Ruler to act on advice

1.

(1) In the exercise of his functions under the Constitution of this State or any law or as a member of the Conference of Rulers the Rulers shall act in accordance with the advice of the Executive Council or of a member thereof acting under the general authority of the Council, except as otherwise provided by the Federal Constitution or the State Constitution; but shall be entitled, at his request, to any information concerning the Government of the State which is available to the Executive Council.

(2) The Ruler may act in his discretion in the performance of the following functions (in addition to those in the performance of which he may act in his discretion under the Federal Constitution) that is to say -

(a) the appointment of a Menteri Besar.

(b) the withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly.

(c) the making of a request for a meeting of the Conference of Rulers concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Royal Highnesses or religious acts, observances or ceremonies,

(d) any function as Head of the religion of Islam or relating to the custom of the Malays,

(e) the appointment of an heir or heirs, consort, Regent or Council of Regency,

(f) the appointment of person to Malay customary ranks, titles, honours and dignities and the designation of the functions appertaining thereto,

(g) the regulation of royal courts and palaces.

(3) State law may make provision for requiring the ruler to act after consultation with or on the recommendation of any person or body of persons other than the Executive Council in the exercise of any of his functions other than -

(a) functions exercisable in his discretion;

(b) function with respect to the exercise of which provision is made the State Constitution or the Federal Constitution.

The Executive Council

2.

(1) The Ruler shall appoint an Executive Council.

(2) The Executive Council shall be appointed as follows, that is to say:

(a) the Ruler shall first appoint as Menteri Besar to preside over the Executive Council a member of the Legislative Assembly who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Assembly; and

(b) he shall on the advice of the Menteri Besar appoint not more that eight nor less than four other members from among the members of the Legislative Assembly;

but if an appointment is made while the Legislative Assembly is dissolved a person who was a member of the last Legislative Assembly may be appointed but shall not continue to hold office after the first sitting of the next Legislative Assembly unless he is a member thereof.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in this section, a person who is a citizen by naturalisation or by registration under Article 17 of the Federal Constitution shall not be appointed Menteri Besar.

(4) In appointing a Menteri Besar the Ruler may, in his discretion, dispense with any provision in the Constitution of this State restricting his choice of a Menteri Besar, if in his opinion it is necessary to do so in order to comply with the provisions of this section.

(5) The Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.

(6) If the Menteri Besar ceases to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly, then, unless at his request the Ruler dissolves the Legislative Assembly, he shall tender the resignation of the Executive Council.

(7) Subject to subsection (6), a member of the Executive Council other than the Menteri Besar shall hold office at the Ruler's pleasure, but any member of the Council may at any time resign his office.

(8) A member of the Executive Council shall not engage in any trade, business or profession connected with any subject or department for which he is responsible and shall not, so long as he is engaged in any trade, business or profession, take part in any decision of the Executive Council relating to that trade, business or profession or in any decision likely to affect his pecuniary interests therein.
Legislature of the State

3. The Legislature of the State shall consist of the Ruler and one House, namely, the Legislative Assembly.

Composition of Legislative Assembly

4.

(1) The Legislative Assembly shall consist of such number of elected members as the Legislature may by law provide.

(2) (Repealed).

Qualifications of members

5. Every citizen of or over the age of twenty-one years who is resident in the State is qualified to be a member of the Legislative Assembly, unless he is disqualified for being a member by the Federal Constitution or this Constitution or by any such law as is mentioned in section 6 of the Eighth

Schedule to the Federal Constitution.

Disqualification for membership of Legislative Assembly

6.

(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person is disqualified for being a member of the Legislative Assembly if -

(a) he is and has been found or declared to be of unsound mind;

(b) he is an undischarged bankrupt;

(c) he holds an office of profit;

(d) having been nominated for election to either House of Parliament or to the Legislative Assembly, or having acted as election agent to a person so nominated, he has failed to lodge any return of election expenses required by law within the time and in the manner so required; or

(e) he has been convicted of an offence by a court of law in the Federation (or, before Malaysia Day, in the territories comprised in the States of Sabah and Sarawak or in Singapore) and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a fine of not less than two thousand ringgit and has not received a free pardon;

(f) he is disqualified under any law relating to offences in connection with elections to either House of Parliament or to the Legislative Assembly by reasons of having been convicted of such an offence or having in proceedings relating to such an election been proved guilty of an act constituting such an offence; or

(g) he has voluntary acquired citizenship of, or exercised rights of citizenship in, a foreign country or has made a declaration of allegiance to a foreign country.

(2) The disqualification of a person under paragraph (d) or paragraph (e) of subsection (1) may be removed by the Ruler and shall, if not so removed, cease at the end of the period of five years beginning with the date on which the return mentioned in the said paragraph (d) was required to be lodged or, as the case may be, the date on which the person convicted as mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was released from custody or the date on which the fine mentioned in the said paragraph (e) was imposed, and a person shall not be disqualified under paragraph (g) of subsection (1) by reason only of anything done by him before he became a citizen.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this section where a member of the Legislative Assembly becomes disqualified from continuing to be a member thereof pursuant to paragraph (e) of subsection (1), or under a law as is referred to in paragraph (f) of subsection (1) -

(a) the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which he was:

(i) convicted and sentenced as specified in the aforesaid paragraph (e); or

(ii) convicted of an offence or proved guilty of an act under a law as is referred to in the aforesaid paragraph (f); or

(b) if within the period of fourteen days specified in paragraph (a) an appeal or any other court proceedings is brought in respect of such conviction or sentence, or in respect of being so convicted or proved guilty, as the case may be, the disqualification shall take effect upon the expiry of fourteen days from the date on which such appeal or other court proceedings is disposed of by the court; or

(c) if within the period specified in paragraph of nomination or election of any person to the Legislative Assembly, for which purpose the disqualification shall take effect immediately upon the occurrence of the event referred to in paragraph (e) or (f), as the case may be, of subsection (1).

Provision against double membership

7. A person shall not at the same time be a member of the Legislative Assembly for more than one constituency.

Decision as to disqualification

8.

(1) If any question arises whether a member of the Legislative Assembly has become disqualified for membership, the decision of the Assembly shall be taken and shall be final:

Provided that this section shall not be taken to prevent the practice of the Assembly postponing a decision in order to allow for the taking of determination of any proceedings that may affect the decision (including proceedings for the removal of the disqualification).

(2) Where a member of the Legislative Assembly becomes disqualified under paragraph (e) of subsection (1) of section 6, or under a law as is referred to in paragraph (f) of subsection (1) of section 6, the foregoing subsection (1) shall not apply, and he shall cease to be a member of the Legislative Assembly, and his seat shall become vacant, immediately upon his disqualification taking effect in accordance with subsection (3) of section 6.

Summoning, prorogation and dissolution of Legislative Assembly

*9.

(1) The Ruler shall from time to time summon the Legislative Assembly and shall not allow six months to elapse between the last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.

(2) The Ruler may prorogue or dissolve the Legislative Assembly.

(3) The Legislative Assembly unless sooner dissolved shall continue for five years from the date of its first sitting and shall then stand dissolved.

(4) Whenever the Legislative Assembly is dissolved a general election shall be held within sixty days from the date of the dissolution and the new Legislative Assembly shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than one hundred and twenty days from that date.

(5) A casual vacancy shall be filled within sixty days from the date on which it is established by the Election Commission that there is a vacancy:

Provided that is a casual vacancy is established on a date within six months of the date the Legislative Assembly shall, in accordance with subsection (3) of this section stand dissolved, such casual vacancy shall not be filled.

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

10.

(1) The Legislative Assembly shall from time to time choose one of its members to be Speaker and shall transact no business which the office of Speaker is vacant other than the election or a Speaker.

(2) A member holding office as Speaker shall vacate his office on ceasing to be a member of the Legislative Assembly or upon being disqualified under subsection (4), and may at any time resign his office.

(3) During any absence of the Speaker from a sitting of the Legislative Assembly such other member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Assembly shall act as Speaker.

(4) A member who is elected to be the Speaker shall be disqualified from holding such office if after three months of his election to such office or at any time thereafter he is or becomes a member of any board of directors or board of management or on officer or employee, or engages in the affairs or business, of any organisation or body, whether corporate or otherwise, or of any commercial, industrial or other undertaking, whether or not he receives any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it;

Provided that such disqualification shall not apply where such organisation or body carries out any welfare or voluntary work or objective beneficial to the community or any part thereof, or any other work or objective of a charitable or social nature, and the member does not receive any remuneration, reward, profit or benefit from it.

(5) Where any question arises regarding the disqualification of the Speaker under subsection (4) the decision of the Legislative Assembly shall be taken and shall be final.

Exercise of legislative power

11.

(1) The power of the Legislature to make laws shall be exercised by Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly and assented to by the Ruler.

(2) No Bill or amendment involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of the State may be introduced or moved in the Legislative Assembly except by a member of the Executive Council.

(3) A Bill shall become law on being assented to by the Ruler, but no law shall come into force until it has been published, without prejudice, however, to the power of the Legislature to postpone the operation of any law or to make laws with retrospective effect.

FINANCIAL PROVISION

No taxation unless authorised by law

12. No tax or rate shall be levied by or for the purposes of the State except by or under the authority of law.

Expenditure charged on Consolidated Fund

13.

(1) There shall be charge on the Consolidated Fund of the State, in addition to any grant, remuneration or other moneys so charged by any other provision of the Constitution of the State or by State law -

(a) the Civil List of the Ruler and remuneration of the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly;

(b) all debt charges for which the State is liable; and

(c) any moneys required to satisfy any judgment, decision or award against the State by any court or tribunal.

(2) For the purposes of this provision debt charges include interest, sinking fund charges, repayment or amortisation of debt and all expenditure in connection with the raising of loans on the security of the Consolidated fund and the service and redemption of debt created thereby.

Annual financial statement

14.

(1) Subject to subsection (3), the Ruler shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before the Legislative Assembly a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the State for that year, and, unless the State Legislature in respect of any year otherwise provides, that statement shall be so laid before the commencement of the year.

(2) The estimates of expenditure shall show separately -

(a) the total sums required to meet expenditure charged on the Consolidated fund; and

(b) subject to subsection (3), the sums respectively required to meet the heads of other expenditure proposed to be met from the Consolidated fund.

(3) The estimated receipts to be shown in the said statement do not include any sums received by way of Zakat, Fitrah and Baitulmal or similar Islamic religious revenue, and the sums to be shown under paragraph (b) of subsection (2) do not include -

(a) sums representing the proceeds of any loan raised by the State for specific purposes and appropriated for those purposes by the law authorising the raising of the loan;

(b) sums representing any money or interest on money received by the State subject to a trust and to be applied in accordance with the terms of the trust;

(c) sums representing any money held by the State which has been received or appropriated for the purpose of any trust fund established by or in accordance with federal or State law.

(4) The said statement shall also show, so far as is practicable, the assets and liabilities of the State at the end of the last completed financial year, the manner in which those assets are invested or held, and the general heads in respect of which those liabilities are outstanding.

Supply Bill

15. The heads of expenditure to be met from the Consolidated Fund of the State, but not charged thereon, other than the sums mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of section 14 (3) of the Eighth Schedule to the Federal Constitution, shall be included in a Bill, to be known as a Supply Bill, providing for the issue from the Consolidated Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums for the purposes specified therein.

Supplementary and excess expenditure

16. If in respect of any financial year it is found -

(a) that the amount appropriated by the Supply Enactment for that purpose is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditure for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the Supply Enactment; or

(b) that any moneys have been expended for any purpose in excess of the amount (if any) appropriated for that purpose by the Supply Enactment,

a supplementary estimate showing the sums required or spent shall be laid before the Legislative Assembly and the heads of any such expenditure shall be included in a Supply Bill.

Withdrawals from the Consolidated Fund

17.

(1) Subject to the following provisions of this section, no moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund unless they are -

(a) charged on the Consolidated Fund; or

(b) authorised to be issued by a Supply Enactment.

(2) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except in the manner provided by federal law.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to any such sums as are mentioned in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of section 14 (3) of the Eighth Schedule to the Federal Constitution.

(4) The State Legislature may in respect of any financial year authorise, before the passing of the Supply Enactment, expenditure for part of the year and the issue from the Consolidated Fund of any moneys required to meet that expenditure.

IMPARTIAL TREATMENT OF STATE EMPLOYEES

Impartial treatment of State employees

18. All persons of whatever race in the same grade of the service of the State, shall, subject to the terms and conditions of their employment, be treated impartially.

AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

Amendment of the Constitution

19.

(1) The following provision of this section shall have effect with respect to the amendment of the Constitution of this State.

(2) The provisions affecting succession to the throne and the position of the Ruling Chiefs and similar Malay customary dignitaries may not be amended by the State Legislature.

(3) Any other provisions may, subject to the following provisions of this section, be amended by an Enactment of the State Legislature but may not be amended by any other means.

(4) A Bill for making an amendment to the said Constitution (other that an amendment excepted from the provisions of this subsection) shall not be passed by the Legislative Assembly unless it has been supported on Second and Third Readings by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of members thereof.

(5) The following amendments are excepted from the provisions of subsection (4), that is to say -

(a) any amendment consequential on such a law as is mentioned in section 4 or section 21 of the Eighth Schedule to the Federal Constitution; and

(aa) any amendments to the definition of the territory of the State which is made in consequence of the passing of a law altering the boundaries of the State under Article 2 of the Federal Constitution to which the State Legislative Assembly and the Conference of Rulers have consented under the said Article; and

(b) any amendment of effect of which is to bring the Constitution of this State into accord with any of the provisions of the said Schedule, but only if it is made after the Legislative Assembly has been elected in accordance with section 4 of that Schedule.

(6) This section does not invalidate any provision of the Constitution of this State requiring the consent of any body of persons to any amendment affecting -

(a) the appointment and attributes of an heir or heirs to the throne, of the Ruler's Consort or of the Regent or Members of the Council of Regency of the State,

(b) the removal, withdrawal, or abdication of the Ruler or his heir or heirs,

(c) the appointment and attributes of the Ruling Chiefs or similar Malay customary dignitaries and of members of religious or customary Advisory Councils or similar bodies,

(d) the establishment, regulation, confirmation and deprivation of Malay customary ranks, titles, honours, dignities and awards and the attributes of the holders thereof and the regulation of the royal courts and repeal.

PROVISIONS IN RESPECT OF YANG DI-PERTUA NEGERI IN RELATION TO THE STATES OF MALACCA, PENANG, SABAH AND SARAWAK

Yang di-Pertua Negeri

19A.

(1) There shall be a Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State who shall be appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong acting in his discretion but after consultation with the Chief Minister.

(2) The Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall be appointed for a term of four years but may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and may be removed from office by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in pursuance of an address by the Legislative Assembly of the State supported by votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of its members.

(3) The Legislature may by law make provision for enabling the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, acting in his discretion but after consultation with the Chief Minister, to appoint a person to exercise the functions of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri during any period which the Yang di-Pertua Negeri is unable to do so himself owing to illness, absence or any other cause; but no person shall be so appointed unless he would be qualified to be appointed a Yang di-Pertua Negeri.

(4) A person appointed under subsection (3) may take the place of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri as a member of the Conference of during any period which under that subsection he may exercise the functions of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri.

Qualification and disabilities of Yang di-Pertua Negeri

19B.

(1) A person who is not a citizen or is a citizen by naturalisation or by registration under Article 17 of the Federal Constitution shall not be appointed a Yang di-Pertua Negeri.

(2) The Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall not hold any office of profit and shall not actively engage in any commercial enterprise.

Civil List of Yang de-Pertua Negeri

19C. The Legislature shall by law provide a Civil List of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri, which shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund and shall not be diminished during his continuance in office.

Oath of office of Yang di-Pertua Negeri

19D.

(1) The Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall before exercising his functions take and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice or of a judge of the High Court, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say -

"I, ..................................................... having been appointed Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the State of ............................................................ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to the best of my ability, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the State of .................... and to the Federation of Malaysia, and that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Federation of Malaysia and the Constitution of the State of .........................".

(2) Any law made under subsection (3) of section 19A shall make provision corresponding (with necessary modifications) to subsection (1).

PART II - TEMPORARY PROVISIONS ALTERNATIVE TO PROVISION IN PART I

The Executive Council (alternative to section 2)

20.

(1) The Ruler shall appoint an Executive Council.

(2) The Executive Council shall be appointed as follows, that is to say -

(a) the Ruler shall first appoint as Menteri Besar to preside over the Executive Council a person who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Assembly; and

(b) he shall on the advice of the Menteri Besar appoint not more than eight nor less than four other persons.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in this section, a person who is a citizen by naturalisation or by registration under Article 17 of the Federal Constitution shall not be appointed Menteri Besar.

(4) In appointing a Menteri Besat the Ruler may in his discretion dispense with any provision in the Constitution of this State restricting his choice of a Menteri Besar, if in his opinion it is necessary to do so in order to comply with the provisions of this section.

(5) The Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.

(6) The Menteri Besar shall cease to hold office at the expiration of a period of three months from the date of his appointment, unless before the expiration of that period a resolution of confidence in him has been passed by the Legislative Assembly; and if at any time he ceases to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly, then unless at his request the Ruler dissolves the Legislative Assembly, he shall tender the resignation of the Executive Council.

(7) Subject to subsection (6), a member of the Executive Council other than the Menteri Besar shall hold office at the Ruler's pleasure, but any member of the Council may at any time resign his office.

(8) A member of the Executive Council shall not engage in any trade, business or profession connected with any subject or department for which he is responsible and shall not, so long as he is engaged in any trade, business or profession, take part in any decision of the Executive Council relating to that trade, business or profession or in any decision likely to affect his pecuniary interests therein.

21.

(1) The Legislative Assembly shall consist of -

(a) such number of elected members as the Legislature may by law provide; and

(b) such number of other members, being less than the number of elected members, as the Ruler may appoint;

and, until other provisions made as aforesaid, the number of elected members shall be the number specified in Article 171 of the Federal Constitution.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in section 6 of the Eighth Schedule to the Federal Constitution a person shall not be disqualified for being an appointed member of the Legislative Assembly by reason only that he holds an office of profit.

PART III - MODIFICATION OF PARTS I AND II IN RELATION TO MALACCA AND PENANG

22. In the application of Parts I and II of this Schedule to the States of Malacca and Penang references to the Yang di-Pertua Negeri shall be substituted for references to the Ruler, and the following shall be omitted, that is to say, paragraphs (c) to (g) of section 1 (2), section 2 (4), subsection (2) and (6) of section 19, section 20 (4), in section 14 (3) the words preceding "the sums to be shown under paragraph (b)" and in subsection 19 (3) the word "other" in the first place where it occurs.

23.

(1) Part I of this Schedule shall apply to the States of Sabah and Sarawak as it applies to the States of Penang and Malacca except for the modifications of section 10 stated in subsection (2) of this section.

(2) Section 10 in its application to the State of Sabah or Sarawak may be modified by the substitution for the words "one of its members to be Speaker" in subsection (1) of the words "as Speaker such person as the Assembly may determine" by the omission of the word "other" in subsection (3), and by the addition of a subsection (4) -

"(4) A person shall not be chosen to be Speaker, unless he is a member or qualified to be a member of the Legislative Assembly, and the Speaker, whether a member or not, shall vacate his office on the dissolution of the Assembly, and may at any time resign his office."


NINTH SCHEDULE
LEGISLATIVE LISTS
List I - Federal List

1. External affairs, including -

(a) Treaties, agreements and conventions with other countries and all matters which bring the Federation into relations with any other country;

(b) Implementation of treaties, agreements and conventions with other countries;

(c) Diplomatic, consular and trade representation;

(d) International organizations; participation in international bodies and implementation of decisions taken thereat;

(e) Extradition, fugitive offenders, admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, the Federation;

(f) Passports, visas, permits of entry or other certificates; quarantine;

(g) Foreign and extra-territorial jurisdiction; and

(h) Pilgrimages to places outside Malaysia.
2. Defence of the Federation or any part thereof, including -

(a) Naval, military and air forces and other armed forces;

(b) Any armed forces attached to or operating with any of the armed forces of the Federation; visiting forces;

(c) Defence works; military and protected areas; naval, military and air force bases; barracks, aerodromes and other works;

(d) Manoeuvres;

(e) War and peace; alien enemies and enemy aliens; enemy property; trading with an enemy; war damage; war risk insurance;

(f) Arms, fire-arms, ammunition and explosives;

(g) National service; and

(h) Civil defence.
3. Internal security, including -

(a) Police; criminal investigation; registration of criminals; public order;

(b) Prisons, reformatories; remand homes; place of detention; probation of offenders; juvenile offenders;

(c) Preventive detention; restriction of residence;

(d) Intelligence services; and

(e) National registration.
4. Civil and criminal law and procedure and the administration of justice, including -

(a) Constitution and organization of all courts other that Syariah Courts;

(b) Jurisdiction and powers of all such courts.

(c) Remuneration and other privileges of the judges and officers presiding over such courts;

(d) Persons entitled to practise before such courts;

(e) Subject to paragraph (ii), the following -

(i) Contract, partnership, agency and other special contracts; master and servant; inns and inn-keepers; actionable wrongs, property and its transfer and hypothecation, except land, bona bacantia; equity and trusts, marriage, divorce and legitimacy; married women's property and status; interpretation of federal law; negotiable instruments; statutory declarations; arbitration; mercantile law; registration of businesses and business names; age of majority; infants and minors; adoption; succession, testate and intestate; probate and letters of administration; bankruptcy and insolvency; oaths and affirmations; limitation; reciprocal enforcement of judgments and orders; the law of evidence;

(ii) the matters mentioned in paragraph (i) do not include Islamic personal law relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship, maintenance, adoption, legitimacy, family law, gifts or succession, testate and intestate;

(f) Official secrets, corrupt practices;

(g) Use of exhibition of coats of arms, armorial bearing, flags, emblems, uniforms, orders and decorations other than those of a State;

(h) Creation of offences in respect of any of the matters included in the Federal List or dealt with by federal law;

(i) Indemnity in respect of any of the matters in the Federal List or dealt with by federal law;

(j) Admiralty Jurisdiction;

(k) Ascertainment of Islamic law and other personal laws for purposes of federal law; and

(l) Betting and lotteries.
5. Federal citizenship and naturalisation; aliens.

6. The machinery of government, subject to the State List, but including -

(a) Elections to both Houses of Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies of the States and all matters connected therewith;

(b) The Armed Forces Council and the Commissions to which Part I applies;

(c) Federal services including the establishment of services common to the Federation and the States; services common to two or more States;

(d) Pensions and compensation for loss of office; gratuities and conditions of service;

(e) Government and administration of the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan including Islamic law therein to the same extent as provided in item I in the State List and in respect of the Federal Territory of Labuan, native law and custom to the same extent as provided in item 13 of the Supplement to State List for States of Sabah and Sarawak;

(f) Federal Government contracts;

(g) Federal public authorities; and

(h) Purchase, acquisition and holding of, and dealing with, property for federal purposes.
7. Finance, including -

(a) Currency, legal tender and coinage;

(b) National savings and savings banks;

(c) Borrowing on the security by the States, public authorities and private enterprise;

(d) Loans to or borrowing by the States, public authorities and private enterprise;

(e) Public debt of the Federation;

(f) Financial and accounting procedure, including procedure for the collection, custody and payment of the public moneys of the Federation and of the States, and the purchase, custody and disposal of public property other than land of the Federation and of the States;

(g) Audit and account of the Federation and the States and other public authorities;

(h) Taxes, rates in the federal capital;

(i) Fees in respect of any of the matters in the Federal List or dealt with by federal law;

(j) Banking, money- lending' pawnbrokers; control of credit;

(k) Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes and other similar instruments;

(l) Foreign exchange; and

(m) Capital issues, stock and commodity exchanges.
8. Trade, commerce and industry, including -

(a) Production, supply and distribution of goods, price control and food control, adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods;

(b) Imports into, and exports from, the Federation;

(c) Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations other than municipal corporations ( but including the municipal corporation of the federal capital); regulation of foreign corporations; bounties on production in or export from the Federation;

(d) Insurance, including compulsory insurance;

(e) Patents, designs; inventions; trade marks and mercantile marks; copyrights;

(f) Establishments of standards of weights and measures;

(g) Establishments of standards of quality of goods manufactured in or exported from the Federation;

(h) Auctions and auctioneers;

(i) Industries, regulation of industrial undertakings;

(j) Subject to item 2 (c) in the State List; Development of mineral resources, mines, mining, minerals and mineral ores, oils and oilfields; purchase, sale, import and export of minerals and mineral ores; petroleum products; regulation of labour and safety in mines and oilfields;

(k) Factories, boilers and machinery, dangerous trades; and

(l) Dangerous and inflammable substances.
9. Shipping, navigation and fisheries, including -

(a) Shipping and navigation on the high seas and in tidal and inland waters;

(b) Ports and harbours; foreshores;

(c) Lighthouses and other provisions for the safety of navigation;

(d) Maritime and estuarine fishing and fisheries, excluding turtles;

(e) Light dues; and

(f) Wrecks and salvage.
10. Communications and transport, including -

(a) Roads, bridges, ferries and other means of communication if declared to be federal by or under federal law;

(b) Railways, excluding Penang Hill Railway;

(c) Airways, aircraft and air navigation; civil aerodromes; provisions for the safety of aircraft;

(d) Regulation of traffic by land, water and air other than on rivers outside harbour areas wholly within one State;

(e) Carriage of passengers and goods by land, water and air;

(f) Mechanically propelled vehicles;

(g) Posts and telecommunications; and

(h) Wireless, broadcasting and television.
11. Federal works and power, including -

(a) Public works for federal purposes;

(b) Water supplies, rivers and canals, except those wholly within one State or regulated by an agreement between all the States concerned; production, distributions by supply of water power; and

(c) Electricity, gas and gas works; and other works for the production and distribution of power and energy.
12. Surveys, inquiries and research, including -

(a) Census; registration of births and deaths; registration of marriages; registration of adoptions other than adoptions under Islamic law or Malay custom;

(b) Survey of the Federation; social, economic and scientific surveys; meteorological organizations;

(c) Scientific and technical research; and

(d) Commissions of inquiry.
13. Education, including -

(a) Elementary, secondary, and university education; vocational and technical education, training of teachers; registration and control of teachers; managers and schools; promotion of special studies and research; scientific and literary societies;

(b) Libraries; museums; ancient and historical monuments and records; archaeological sites and remains.
14. Medicine and health including sanitation in the federal capital, and including -

(a) Hospitals, clinic and dispensaries, medical profession; maternity and child welfare; lepers and leper institutions;

(b) Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for reception and treatment;

(c) Poisons and dangerous drugs; and

(d) Intoxicating drugs and liquors, manufacture and sale of drugs.
15. Labour and social security, including -

(a) Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes, welfare of labour including housing of labourers by employers; employers liability and workmen's compensation;

(b) Unemployment insurance; health insurance; widow's orphan's and old age pensions; maternity benefits; provident and benevolent funds; superannuation; and

(c) Charities and charitable institutions; charitable trusts and trustees excluding Wakafs; Hindu endowments.
16. Welfare of the aborigines.

17. Professional occupations other than those specifically enumerated.

18. Holidays other than State holidays; standard of time.

19. Unincorporated societies.

20. Control of agricultural pests; protection against such pests; prevention of plant diseases.

21. Newspaper, publications, publishers, printing and printing presses.

22. Censorship.

23. Subject to item 5(f) of the State List, theatres; cinemas; cinematograph films; places of public amusement.

24. Federal housing and improvement trusts.

25. Co-operative societies.

26. Subject to item 9A of the Concurrent List, prevention and extinguishment of fire, including fire services and fire brigades.

27. All matters relating to the Federal Territory, including the matters enumerated in items 2,3,4 and 5 of the State List and in the Cast of the Federal Territory of Labuan, the matter enumerated in items 15,16 and 17 of the Supplement to State List for States of Sabah and Sarawak.

List II - State List

1. Except with respect to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, Islamic law and personal and family law of persons professing the religion of Islam, including the Islamic law relating to succession, testate and intestate, betrothal, marriage, divorce, dower, maintenance, adoption, legitimacy guardianship, gifts, partitions and non-charitable trusts; Wakafs and the definition and regulation of charitable and religious endowments, institutions, trusts, charities and charitable institutions operating wholly within the State; Malay customs. Zakat, Fitrah and Baitulmal or similar Islamic religious revenue, mosques or any Islamic public places of worship, creation and punishment of offences by persons professing the religion of Islam against precepts of that religion, except in regard to matters included in the Federal List; the constitution, organisation and procedure of Syariah courts, which shall have jurisdiction only over person professing the religion of Islam and in respect only of any of the matters included in this paragraph, but shall not have jurisdiction in respect of offences except in so fat as conferred by federal law*, the control of propagating doctrines and beliefs among persons professing the religion of Islam; the determination of matters of Islamic law and doctrine Malay custom.

2. Except with respect to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, land including -

(a) Land tenure, relation of landlord and tenant; registration of titles and deeds relating to land; colonization, land improvement and soil conservation; rent restriction;

(b) Malay reservations or, in the States of Sabah and Sarawak, native reservations;

(c) Permits and licences for prospecting for mines; mining leases and certificates;

(d) Compulsory acquisition of land;

(e) Transfer of land, mortgages, leases and charges in respect of land; easements; and

(f) Escheat; treasure trove excluding antiquities.

3. Except with respect to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, agriculture and forestry, including -

(a) Agriculture and agricultural loans, and

(b) Forests.
4. Local government outside the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, including -

(a) Local administration; municipal corporation; local town and rural board and other local authorities; local government services, local rates, local government elections;

(b) Obnoxious trades and public nuisances in local authority areas;

(c) Housing and provision for housing accommodation, improvement trusts.
5. Except with respect to the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, other services of a local character, that is to say -

(a) (Repealed).

(b) Boarding houses and lodging houses;

(c) Burial and cremation grounds;

(d) Pounds and cattle trespass;

(e) Markets and fairs; and

(f) Licensing of theatres, cinemas and places of public amusement.
6. State works and water, that is to say -

(a) Public work for State purposes;

(b) Roads, bridges and ferries other than those in Federal List, regulation of weight and speed of vehicles on such roads; and

(c) Subject to the Federal List, water (including water supplies, rivers and canals); control of silt; riparian rights.
7. Machinery of the State Government, subject to the Federal List, but including -

(a) Civil List and State pensions;

(b) Exclusive State services;

(c) Borrowing on the security of the State Consolidated Fund;

(d) Loans for State purposes;

(e) Public debt of the State; and

(f) Fees in respect of any of the matters included in the State List or dealt with by State law.
8. State holidays.

9. Creation of offences in respect of any of the matters included in the State List or dealt with by State law, proof of State law and of thing done thereunder, and proof of any matter for purposes of State law.

10. Inquiries for State purposes, including commissions of inquiry and collection of statistics with respect to any of the matters included in the State List of dealt with by State law.

11. Indemnity in respect of any of the matters in the State List or dealt with by State law.

12. Turtles and riverine fishing.

List IIA - Supplement to State List for State of Sabah and Sarawak

13. Native law and custom, including the personal law relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship, maintenance, adoption, legitimacy, family law, gifts or succession testate or intestate; registration of adoptions under native law or custom; the determination of matters of native law or custom; the constitution, organization and procedure of native courts (including the right of audience in such courts), and the jurisdiction and powers of such courts, which shall extend only to the matters included in this paragraph and shall not include jurisdiction in respect of offences except in so far as conferred by federal law.

14. Incorporation of authorities and other bodies set up by State law, if incorporated directly by State law, and regulation and winding up of corporations so created.

15. Ports and harbours, other than those declared to be federal by or under federal law; regulation of traffic by water in ports and harbours or on rivers wholly within the State, except traffic in federal ports or harbours; foreshores.

16. Cadastral land surveys.

17. Libraries, museums, ancient and historical monuments and records and archaeological sites and remains, other than those declared to be federal by or under federal law.

18. In Sabah, the Sabah Railway.

19. (Repealed).

List II B - (Repealed)

List III - Concurrent List

1. Social welfare; social services subject to Lists I and II; protection of women, children and your persons.

2. Scholarships.

3. Protection of wild animals and wild birds; National Parks.

4. Animal husbandry, prevention of cruelty to animals; veterinary services; animal quarantine.

5. Town and country planning, except in the federal capital.

6. Vagrancy and itinerant hawkers.

7. Public health, sanitation (excluding sanitation in the federal capital) and the prevention of diseases.

8. Drainage and irrigation.

9. Rehabilitation of mining land and land which has suffered soil erosion.

9A. Fire safety measures and fire precautions in the construction and maintenance of building.

List IIIA - Supplement to Concurrent List for State of Sabah and Sarawak

10. Personal law relating to marriage, divorce, guardianship, maintenance, adoption, legitimacy, family law, gifts or succession testate and intestate.

11. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods.

12. Shipping under fifteen registered tons, including the carriage of passengers and goods by such shipping, maritime and estuarine fishing and fisheries.

13. The production, distribution and supply of water power and of electricity generated by water power.

14. Agricultural and forestry research, control of agricultural pests, and protection against such pests, prevention of plant diseases.

15. Charities and charitable trusts and institutions in the State (that is to say, operating wholly within, or created and operating in, the State) and their trustees, including the incorporation thereof and the regulation and winding-up of incorporated charities and charitable institutions in the State.

16. Theatres; cinemas; cinematograph films; places of public amusements.

17. Elections to the State Assembly held during the period of indirect elections.

18. In Sabah until the end of the year 1970 (but not in Sarawak), medicine and health, including the matters specified in items 14 (a) to (d) of the Federal List.

List III B - (Repealed).


TENTH SCHEDULE
GRANTS AND SOURCE OF REVENUE ASSIGNED TO STATES
Part I - CAPITATION GRANT

1.

(1) The capitation grant payable to each State in respect of a financial year shall be at the following rates:

(a) for the first 100,000 persons at the rate of $20 per person;

(b) for the next 150,000 persons at the rate of $10 per person;

(c) for the next 250,000 person at the rate of $6 per person;

(d) for the remainder at the rate of $3 per person,

and shall be based on the annual population projection of the State as determined by the Federal Government and calculated as the last population census:

Provided that if the last census was taken one year before the beginning of the financial year, the grant for that particular year shall be based on the population as determined by that population census.

(2) (Repealed).
Part II - STATE ROAD GRANT

2. The State road grant payable to each of the States of Malaya in respect of a financial year shall be calculated by multiplying -

(a) the average cost to a State of maintaining a mile of State orad at the minimum standard determined for State roads in those States by the Federal Government after consultation with the National Federal Council; by

(b) so much of the mileage of State roads in the State as qualifies for grant.
3. For the purpose of section 2 -

(a) the mileage of State roads in a State shall be taken to be that mileage as on the thirty-first day of December of the preceding financial year, and the average cost mentioned in paragraph (a) of that section shall be taken to be the average cost in that State calculated in the preceding financial year; and

(b) the maintenance of State roads means the preservation, upkeep and restoration of State roads, roadside furniture, bridges, viaducts or culverts forming part thereof or connected therewith as nearly as possible in their original condition as constructed or as subsequently improved.
4. A length of State road if it is actually maintained by the Public Works Department of the State at or above the minimum standard mentioned in section 2 (a) and a length of any road within the limit of a local authority if such road is certified by the Public Works Department of the State as coming within the qualifying standard and maintained at or above the minimum standard as mentioned in section 2 (a) qualify for grant.

5. In this Part of this Schedule, "State road" means any public road other than a federal road, and any other road other than a federal road to which the public has access.

6.

(1) The State road grant payable to Sabah or Sarawak shall, in each of the years 1964 and 1965, be payable at the rate of $4,500 a mile in respect of a mileage in Sabah of 1,151 miles and in Sarawak of such amount as may be agreed between the Federal and State Governments.

(2) Thereafter sections 2 to 5 shall apply to the State road grant so payable with the following modifications:

(a) the minimum standard mentioned in section 2 (a) shall be the minimum standard determined for State roads in the State; and

(b) any length of road maintained by a local authority at the expense of the State shall be treated as maintained by the Public Works Department of the State.
Part III - SOURCES OF REVENUE ASSIGNED TO STATES

1. Revenue from toddy shops.

2. Revenue from lands, mines and forests.

3. Revenue from licences other than those connected with mechanically propelled vehicles, electrical installations and registration of business.

4. Entertainment duty.

5. Fees in court other than federal courts.

6. Fees and receipts in respect of specific services rendered by departments of State Governments.

7. Revenue of town boards, town councils, rural boards, local councils and similar local authorities other than -

(a) municipalities established under any Municipal Ordinance;

(b) those town boards, town councils, rural boards, local councils and similar local authorities which have power under written law to retain their revenues and control the spending thereof.
8. Receipts in respect of water supplies, including water rates.

9. Rents on State property.

10. Interest on State balances.

11. Receipts from land sales and sales of State property.

12. Fines and forfeitures in courts other than federal courts.

13. Zakat, Fitrah and Baitumal and similar Islamic religious revenue.

14. Treasure trove.

Part IV - SPECIAL GRANTS TO STATES OF SABAH AND SARAWAK

1.

(1) In the case of Sarawak a grant of $5,800,000 in each year.

(2) In the case of Sarawak, a grant of which the amount in 1964 and each of the four following years shall be respectively $3.5m., $7m., $11.5m., $16m., $21m., and in later years shall be fixed on a review under Article 112B.
2.

(1) In the case of Sabah, a grant of an amount equal in each year to two-fifths of the amount by which the net revenue derived by the Federation from Sabah exceeds the net revenue which would have been so derived in the year 1963 if -

(a) the Malaysia Act had been in operation in that year as in the year 1964; and

(b) the net revenue for the year 1963 were calculated without regard to any alternation of any tax or fee made on or after Malaysia Day;

("net revenue" meaning for this purpose the revenue which accrues to the Federation, less the amounts received by the State in respect of assignments of that revenue).

(2) In the case of Sabah, for any year before 1968 in which the State road grant is less than $5,179,500, a supplement to that grant on an amount equal to the deficiency.
3. In either case, for any year before 1974 and, if at the beginning of 1974 the Legislature to the State has power to make laws with respect to the carriage of passengers and goods by land or to mechanically propelled road vehicles, then during the continuance of that power, a grant equal to the cost to the State in the year of the State road transport department.

Part V - ADDITIONAL SOURCE OF REVENUE ASSIGNED TO STATES OF SABAH AND SARAWAK

1. Import duty and excise duty on petroleum products.

2. Export duty on timber and other forest product.

3. So long as the royalty levied by the State on any mineral chargeable with export duty other than tin (but including mineral oils) does not amount to 10 per cent ad valorem calculated as for export duty, export duty on that mineral or such part of the export duty as makes the total of royalty and duty on exported mineral up to 10 per cent ad valorem so calculated.

4. In the case of Sabah, so long as medicine and health remains an item in the Concurrent List and expenses in respect of that item are borne by the State, 30 per cent of all customs revenue other than that in respect of the duties mentioned in section 1, 2 and 3.

5. For any year before 1974 and, if at the beginning of 1974 the Legislature of the State has power to make laws with respect to the carriage of passengers and goods by land or with respect to mechanically propelled road vehicles or licences connected with those vehicles, then during continuance of that powers, fees from such licences.

6. For any year before 1974, and if at the beginning of 1974 the Legislature of the State has power to make laws with respect to the registration of mechanically propelled vehicles, then during the continuance of that power, fees from the registration of such vehicles.

7. State sales taxes.

8. Fees and dues from ports and harbours other than federal ports and harbours.

ELEVENTH SCHEDULE
PROVISIONS OF THE INTERPRETATION AND GENERAL CLAUSES ORDINANCE, 1948 (MALAYAN UNION ORDINANCE NO. 7 OF 1948), APPLIED FOR INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION
Section - Subject Matter

2 (56) Meaning of "month" - "month" means calendar month according to the Gregorian calendar.

2 (61) Meaning of "person" and "party"; - "person" and "party" included any body of persons, corporate or unincorporate.

2 (88) Definition of "subsidiary legislation" - "subsidiary legislation" means any Order in Council, proclamation, rule, regulation, order, notification, by-law or other instrument made under any Ordinance, Enactment or other lawful authority and having legislative effect.

2 (94) Construction of masculine gender - words importing the masculine gender include females.

2 (95) Construction of singular or plural - words in the singular include the plural, and words in the plural include the singular.

2 (96) Meaning of "writing" - "writing" and expressions referring to writing include printing, lithography, typewriting, photography, and other modes of representing or reproducing words or figures in visible form.

2 (98) Meaning of "year" - "year" means a year reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar.

7. Forms - Save as is otherwise expressly provided, whenever forms are prescribed slight deviations therefrom, not affecting the substance or calculated to mislead, shall not invalidate them.

13 Effect of repeal - Where a written law repeals in whole or in part any other written law, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the repeal shall not -

(a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; or

(b) affect the previous operation of any written law so repealed or anything duly done or suffered under any written law to repealed; or

(c) affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under any written law so repealed; or

(d) affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against any written law so repealed; or

(e) affect any investigation, legal proceeding, or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment as aforesaid;
and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed, as if the repealing law had not been passed.

21. (Repealed).

23. General provisions with respect to power given to any authority to make subsidiary Legislation - Where an Ordinance or Enactment confers power on any authority to make subsidiary legislation, such subsidiary legislation may at any time be amended, varied, rescinded or revoked by the same authority and in the same manner by and in which it was made.

28. Construction of provisions as to exercise of powers and duties -

(1) Where a written law confers a power or imposes a duty, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised and the duty shall be performed from time to time as occasion requires.

(2) Where a written law confers a power or imposes a duty on the holder of an office as such, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised and the duty shall be performed by the holder of the office for the time being or by a person duly appointed to act for him.
29. Power to appoint includes power to dismiss - Where a written law confers upon any person or authority a power to make appointments to any office or place, the power shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as including a power to dismiss or suspend any person appointed and to appoint another person temporarily in the place of any person so suspended or in place of any sick or absent holder of such office or place:

30. Construction of enabling words - Where a written law confers power on any person to do or enforce the doing of any act or thing, all such powers shall be understood to be also conferred as are reasonably necessary to enable the person to do or enforce the doing of the act or thing.

32. Official designation to include officer executing duties - When reference is made in any written law, instrument, warrant or process of any kind made or issued by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, or a Ruler or any body or person having authority under any written law to make or to issue the same to any public officer by the term designating his office, such officer shall include the officer for the time being executing the duties of such office or any portion of such duties.

33. Power of Yang di-Pertuan Agong to provide for execution of duties of public officer during temporary absence or inability -

(1) Where by or under any written law any powers are conferred or any duties are imposed upon a public officer, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or, in the case of a public officer borne on the establishment of a State, the Ruler of that State, may direct that if, during any period, owing to absence or inability to act from illness or any other cause, such public officer is unable to exercise the powers or perform the duties of his office in any place under his jurisdiction or control, such powers shall be had and may be exercised and such duties shall be performed in such place by a person named by, or by a public officer holding the office designated by, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Ruler, as the case may be, and thereupon such person or public officer, during any period as aforesaid, shall have and may exercise the powers and shall perform the duties aforesaid subject to such conditions, exceptions and qualifications as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Ruler may direct.

(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of subsection (1), when a substantive holder of any office is on leave of absence pending relinquishment of his office, it shall be lawful for another person to be appointed substantively in his place.
33C Powers of a board, etc., not affected by vacancy, etc. - Where by or under any written law any board, commission, committee or similar body, whether corporate or unincorporate, is established, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the powers and proceedings of such board, commission, committee or similar body shall not be affected by -

(a) any vacancy in the membership thereof;

(b) any defect afterwards discovered in the appointment or qualification of a person purporting to be a member thereof; or

(c) any minor irregularity in the convening of any meeting thereof.
35 (Repealed).

36 Computation of time - In computing time for the purposes of any written law, unless the contrary intention appears -

(a) a period of days from the happening of an event or the doing of any act or thing shall be deemed to be exclusive of the day in which the event happens or the act or thing is done;

(b) if the last day of the period is a weekly holiday or a public holiday (which days are in this section referred to as excluded days) the period shall include the next following day not being an excluded day;

(c) when any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be done or taken on a certain day, then, if that day happens to be an excluded day, the act or proceedings shall be considered as done or taken in due time if it is dome or taken on the next day afterwards, not being an excluded day;

(d) when an act or proceedings is directed or allowed to be done or taken within any time not exceeding six days, excluded days shall not be reckoned in the computation of the time.
38 Provision when no time prescribed - Where no time is prescribed or allowed within which anything shall be done, such thing shall be done with all convenient speed and as often as the prescribed occasion arises.

40A Solicitor-General to exercise powers of Attorney General -

(1) Unless in any written law it is otherwise expressly provided, the Solicitor-General may perform any of the duties and may exercise any of the powers of the Attorney General.

(2) Where the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any other person has lawfully delegated his powers to the Attorney General such delegation shall, unless otherwise expressly provided, be deemed to be delegation of powers to both the Attorney General and the Solicitor-General.
42 Public officers - A reference in any written law to any public officer by the usual or common title of his office shall, if there be such an office customarily in the Federation or any State and unless the contrary intentions appears, by read and construed as referring to the person for the time being holding or carrying out the duties of that office in the Federation or State, as the case amy be.

44 Construction of references to laws - In any written law a description or citation of a portion of another written law shall, unless a contrary intention appears, be construed as including the word, section or other part mentioned or referred to as forming the beginning and as forming the end of the portion comprised in the description or citation.

46 English text to prevail - In case of any conflict or discrepancy between the English text of a written law and any translation thereof, the english text shall prevail.

TWELFTH SCHEDULE

TWELFTH SCHEDULE (Repealed).

THIRTEENTH SCHEDULE
PROVISIONS RELATING TO DELIMITATION OF CONSTITUENCIES
Part I - DECLARATION OF AND PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE DELIMITATION OF CONSTITUENCIES

1. The constituencies for the election of members to the House of Representatives and the Legislative Assemblies of the State shall until altered in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule, be those first used for elections to the House or Assembly, as the case may be, pursuant to this Constitution or the Malaysia Act.

2. The following principles shall as far as possible be taken into account in dividing any unit of review into constituencies pursuant to the provisions of Articles 116 and 117 -

(a) while having regard to the desirability of giving all electors reasonably convenient opportunities of going to the polls, constituencies ought to be delimited so that they do not cross State boundaries and regard ought to be had to the inconvenience of State constituencies crossing the boundaries of federal constituencies;

(b) regard ought to be to the administrative facilities available within the constituencies for the establishment of the necessary registration and polling machines;

(c) the number of electors within each constituency in a State ought to be approximately equal except that, having regard to the greater difficulty of reaching electors in the country districts and the other disadvantages facing rural constituencies, a measure of weightage for area ought to be given to such constituencies;

(d) regard ought to be had to the inconveniences attendant on alterations of constituencies, and to the maintenance of local ties.
3. For the purposes of this Park, the number of electors shall be taken to be as shown on the current electoral rolls.

3A. For the purposes of this Part, in any review of constituencies for the purposes of election to the House of Representatives, the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur or the Federal Territory of Labuan, as the case may be, shall each be regarded as a State.

Part II - PROCEDURE FOR DELIMITATION OF CONSTITUENCIES

4. Where the Election Commission have provisionally determined to make recommendations under Clause (2) of Article 113 affecting any constituency, they shall inform the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Prime Minister accordingly, and shall publish in the Gazette and in at least on newspaper circulating in the constituency a notice stating -

(a) the effect of their proposed recommendations, and (except in a case where they propose to recommend that no alteration be made in respect of the constituency) that a copy of their recommendations is open to inspection at a specified place within the constituency; and

(b) that representations with respect to the proposed recommendations may be made to the Commission within one month after the publication of such notice,
and the Commission shall take into consideration any representation duly made in accordance with any such notice.

5. Where, on the publication of the notice under section 4 of a proposed recommendation of the Election Commission for the alteration of any constituencies, the Commission receive and presentation objecting to the proposed recommendations from -

(a) the State Government or any local authority whose area is wholly or partly comprised in the constituencies affected by the recommendation; or

(b) a body of one hundred or more persons whose names are shown on the current electoral rolls of the constituencies in question,
the Commissions shall cause a local enquiry to be held in respect of those constituencies.

6. In relation to any enquiry held under section 5 the Election Commission shall have all the powers conferred on Commissioners by the Commissions of Enquiry Act 1950.

7. Where the Election Commission revise any proposed recommendations after publishing a notice thereof under section 4, the Commission shall comply again with that section in relation to the revised recommendations, as if no earlier notice had been published;

Provided that is shall not be necessary to hold more than two local enquiries in respect of any such recommendations.

8. The Election Commission shall, having completed the procedure prescribed by this Part, submit to the Prime Minister a report on constituencies showing -

(a) the constituencies into which they recommend that each unit of review should be divided in order to give effect to the principles set out in section 2; and

(b) the names by which they recommend that those constituencies shall be known,

or stating that in their opinion no alteration is required to be made in order to give effect to the said principles.

9. As soon as may be after the Election Commission have submitted their report to the Prime Minister under section 8, he shall lay the report before the House of Representatives, together (except in a case where the report states that no alternation is required to be made) with the draft of an Order to be made under section 12 for giving effect, with or without modifications, to the recommendations contained in the report.

10. If any draft Order referred to in section 9 is approved by the House of Representatives by resolution supported by the votes of not less than one-half of the total number of members of that House, the Prime Minister shall submit the draft Order to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

11. If a motion for the removal of any draft Order referred to in section 9 is rejected by the House of Representatives, or withdrawn by leave of the House, or is not supported by the votes of not less than one-half of the total number of members of the House, the Prime Minister may, after such consultation with the Election Commission as he may consider necessary, amend the draft and lay the amended draft before the House of Representative; and if the draft as so amended is approved by the House by a resolution supported by the votes of not less than one-half of the total number of members of the House, the Prime Minister shall submit the amended draft to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

12. Where the draft of an Order is submitted to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong under this Part, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall make an Order in the terms of the draft submitted to him, and the Order shall come into force on such date as may be specified therein:

Provided that the coming into force of any such Order shall not affect any election to the House of Representatives or a Legislative Assembly until the next dissolution of Parliament or the Assembly, as the case may be, occurring on or after the date.


NOTES
Art. 1:

The original Article as it stood on Merdeka Day read as follows;

"1.

(1) The Federation shall be known by the name of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (in English the Federation of Malaya)

(2) The States of the Federation are Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor and Terengganu (formerly known as the Malay States) and Malacca and Penang (formerly known as the Settlements of Malacca and Penang).

(3) The territories of each of the States mentioned in Clause (2) are the territories of that State immediately before Merdeka Day."

Art. 1 (2):

The present Article without Clause (4) was inserted by Act 26/1963. s.4. in force from 16-9-1963 (i.e. when Malaysia was established). Act 59/1966 s.2. in force from 9-8-1965 (i.e. the date Singapore left Malaysia) amended Clause (2) by deleting therefrom para (c) which read as follows:

"(c) the State of Singapore."

The present Clause (2) was substituted by Act A354, s. 2. in force from 27-8-1976. This Clause before its substitution by Act A.354 was amended by Act 26/1963, s.4. in force from 16-9-1963 (i.e. when Malaysia was established) read as follows:

"(2) The States of the Federation shall be -

(a) the States of Malaya, namely, Johore, Kedah, Kelanta, Malacca, Negeri, Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor and Terengganu;

(b) the Borneo States, namely, Sabah and Sarawak; and

(c) the State of Singapore."

Art. 1 (3):

The words "Subject to Clause (4)," were inserted before the words "The territories of each of the States" by Act A206, Schedule, in force from 1-2-1974.

Art. 1 (4):

1. The original Clause which was added by Act A206, Schedule, in force from 1-2-1974 (i.e. the date of the establishment of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur) read as follows:

"(4) The territory of the State of Salangor shall exclude the Federal Territory established under the Constitution (Amendment) (No.2) Act 1973."

2. Subsequently this Clause was amended by Act A566, s.2. (1), in force from 1-2-1974, by inserting the words, " and the Federal Territory shall be a territory of the Federation."

Section 2 (2) of Act A566 also provided w.e.f. 1-2-1974 that -

"Any reference in the Constitution and any other written law to the Federation, Malaya, Malaysia, the States of the Federation, the State of Malaya, or West Malaysia, however used, whether or not used in conjunction with or as part of another, shall be construed to include a reference to the Federal Territory, unless there is a provision to the contrary or there is something in the subject or context inconsistent with or repugnant to such construction".

3. The present Clause was substituted by Act A585, a. 11, in force from 16-4-1984.

Art. 2:

See Art. 22, 113 (3), 159 (4) (bb).

Art. 3 (2):

1. The words "States not having a Ruler" in line 1 were substituted for "Malacca and Penang" by Act 26/1963, s. 7 (1), in force from 16-9-1963.

2. The words, "religion of Islam" were substituted for "Muslim religion" by Act A354, s. 45, in force from 27-8-1976.

Art. 3 (3):

The words "religion of Islam" were substituted for "Muslim religion" by Act A354, s. 45, in force from 27-8-1976. The words "States of Malacca, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak" were substituted for "States of Malacca and Penang" by Act A354, s.3. in force from 27-8-1976.

1. Act 26/1963, s. 7(2), in force from 16-9-1963, substituted "Penang and Singapore" for "and Penang" Act 59/1966, s. 2, in force from 9-8-1965, restored the original version "and Penang".

2. See Art. 5 of the Constitutions of the States of Malacca and Penang.

Art. 3 (5):

1. Added by Act A206, Schedule, in force 1-2-1974 and amended by Act A354, s. 45, in force from 27-8-1976, substituted "religion of Islam" for "Muslim religion" and "Islamic" and "Muslim".

2. The words "Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Labuan" were substituted for the word "Territory" by Act A585, Schedule, in force from 16-4-1984.

Art: 4 (1);

See Art. 159A.

Art. 4 (3):

The words "in proceedings for a declaration that the law is invalid on that ground or "which appear before para. (a) were inserted by Act 26/1963, s. 40, in force from 16-9-1963.

Art. 4 (4):

Added by Act 26/1963, s. 40, in force from 16-9-1963.

Art. 5 (1):

See Art. 149 (1).

Art. 5 (2):

The words "a High Court" which appear in line 1 were substituted for "the Supreme Court" by Act 26/1963, s. 70. in force from 16-9-1963.

Art. 5 (4):

Proviso added by Act A354, s. 4, in force from 31-8-1957.

Art. 6 (4):

Added by Act A354, s. 5, in force from 27-8-1976.

Art. 8

See Art. 12.161A (5)

Clause (5) (c): The words "Malay Peninsula" were substituted for "Federation" by Act 26/1963, s. 70, in force from 16-9-1963.

Art. 9

See Art. 149 (1).

Clause (2):

1. The words "Subject to Clause (3) and to any law relating to the security of the Federation or any part thereof" which appear at the commencement were substituted for the words "Subject to any restriction imposed by any law relating to the security of the Federation" by Act 26/1963, s. 60 (1) in force from 16-9-1963.

2. See Art. 4 (2) (a).

Clause (3):

1. This Clause was added by Act 26/1963, s. 60 (1), in force from 16-9-1963. A proviso which was added at the same time was repealed by Act 59/1966, s. 2, in force from 19-9-1966. As it stood on the date of repeal, the proviso read as follows:

"Provided that no restriction on the right of movement between the State of Singapore and the State of Malaya shall be imposed by virtue of this Clause except by a law relating to labour or education or to any matter in respect of which, because of the special position of the State of Singapore, it appears to Parliament to be desirable to prevent the enjoyment of rights both in the State of Singapore and in the States of Malaya."

2. This Clause (3) applies to laws passed before Malaysia Day so as to impose restrictions with effect from Malaysia Day - Act 26/1963, s. 60 (2).

3. The proviso to Clause (3) was amended by adding " and any such restriction shall apply reciprocally to the State of Malaya and the State of Singapore" at the end of the proviso by Act 19/1964, s. 2. in force from 30-7-1964.

Art. 10:

See Art. 149 (1)

Clause (1): The words "Subject to Clauses (2), (3) and (4)" substituted for "Subject to Clauses (2) and (3)" by Act A30, s. 2, in force from 10-3-1971.

Clause (2):

1. The words " or any part thereof" which appear in paras (a), (b) and (c) after the word "Federation" were inserted by Act 26/1963, s. 60 (3), in force from 16-9-1963.

2. See Art. 4 (2) (b).

Clause (3) was added by Act 26/1963, s. 60 (4), in force from 16-9-1963, which also amended Clause (1) by substituting the words "Clause (2) and (3)" for "Clause (2)" appearing at the commencement of the Clause.

Clause (4) added by Act A30, s. 2, in force from 10-3-1971.

Art. 11 (4):

1. The words "and in respect of the Federal Territory, federal law" were inserted after "State law" in line 1 by Act A206, Schedule, in force from 1-2-1974. The words "religion of Islam" substituted for "Muslim religion" by Act A354, s. 45, in force from 27-8-1976.

2. Subsequently the words "Territories" Kuala Lumpur and Labuan" were substituted for the word "Territory" by Act A585, Schedule, in force from 16-4-1984.

Art. 12 (2):

1. The present Clause (2) was inserted by Act A354, s. 6, in force from 27-8-1976 and replaced the earlier Clause which read as follows:

"(2) Every religious group has the right to establish and maintain institutions for the education of children and provide therein instruction in its own religion, and there shall be no discrimination on the ground only of religion in any law relating to such institutions or in the administration of any such law, but federal law or State law may provide for special financial aid for the establishment or maintenance of Muslim institutions or the instruction in the Muslim religion of persons professing that religion."

2. The words "or State law" which appears in line five after "federal law" were inserted by Act 25/1963, s. 2 (1), in force from 31-8-1957 vide s. 3 (3).

Art. 14

1. The present Article was inserted by Act 26/1963, s. 23, in force from 16-9-1963, but Clauses (1) (c), (2) and (3), which are reproduced below, were repealed by Act 59/1966, s. 2, in force from 9-8-1965.

"(1) (C) every citizen of Singapore.

(2) Subject to the provisions of this Part, provision with respect to citizenship of Singapore may be made by the constitution of that State, and may be amended by laws passed by the Legislature of that State and approved by Act of Parliament.

(3) Citizenship of Singapore shall not be severable from citizenship of the Federation, but a Singapore citizen by the loss of either shall lose the other also (subject to the provision made by this Part for the enrolment of a Singapore citizen as a citizen who is not a Singapore citizen)."

2. The earlier Article, as it stood at the date of repeal, read as follows:

"14.

(1) Subject to the following provision of this Article, the following persons are citizens by operation of law, that is to say:

(a) every person who, immediately before Merdeka Day, was a citizen of the Federation by virtue of any of the provisions of the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, whether by operation of law or otherwise;

(b) every person born within the Federation on or after Merdeka Day;

(c) every person born outside the Federation on or after Merdeka Day whose father is a citizen at the time of the birth and either was born within the Federation or is at the time of the birth in service under the Government of the Federation or of a State;

(d) every person born outside the Federation on or after Merdeka Day whose father is a citizen at the time of the birth, if the birth is registered at a Malayan Consulate or, in the case of any such person born within any prescribed territory , with the Federal Government, within one year of its occurrence, or within such longer period as the Federal Government may in any particular case allow.

For the purposes of paragraph (d) of this Clause "prescribed territory" means Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei or North Borneo, or any such other territory as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may by order prescribe for such purposes.

(2) A person is not a citizen by virtue of paragraph (b) of Clause (1) if, at the time of his birth -

(a) his father, not being a citizen of the Federation, possessed such immunity from suit and legal process as is accorded to an envoy of a sovereign power accredited to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong; or

(b) case of a birth occurring in a place under occupation by the enemy, his father was an enemy alien; or

(c) neither of his parents was a citizen of the Federation and neither of them was a permanent resident therein.

Provided that paragraph (c) of this Clause does not apply -

(i) to any person born within the Federation before the date on which section 2 of the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1962 came into force;

(ii) to any person if, as a result of the application of that paragraph, he would not be a citizen of any country.

(3) For the purposes of this Article a person born on board a registered ship or aircraft shall be deemed to have been born in the place in which the ship or aircraft was registered, and a person born on board an unregistered ship or aircraft of the Government of any country shall be deemed to have been born in that Country.

(4) For the purposes of paragraph (c) of Clause (2) a person shall be treated as having been at any time a permanent resident in the Federation if, but only if, he was then resident in the Federation and either -

(a) he then had permission, granted without limit of time under any federal law, to reside there; or

(b) it is certified by the Federal Government that he is to be treated for the purposes of the said paragraph (e) as a permanent resident in the Federation.

(5) A certificate of the Federal Government that a person is or was excluded from the applications of paragraPH (C) of Clause (2) by paragraph (ii) of the proviso to that Clause shall be conclusive evidence of the matter certified.

Art. 15

1. The present Article was inserted by Act 26/1963, s. 25, in force from 16-9-1963, Act 59/1966, s. 2, in force from 9-8-1965, amended it -

(a) by repealing Clause (6) which read as follows:

"(6) In Clause (1) the words 'outside Singapore' shall not have effect in the case of a woman whose husband is a citizen by naturalisation under Clause (2) of Article 19."

(b) by deleting the references to Singapore and Singapore citizens in Clauses (1) to (5).

Clause (1): See Art. 24 (4), 26 (2), 28 (1) (b), 28A (3).

Clause (3): See 2nd Sch. Pt III. s.18.
2. The original Article as it stood on Merdeka Day read as follows:

"15

(1) Subject to Article 18, any woman who is married to a citizen is entitle, upon making application to the registering authority, to be registered as a citizen.

(2) Subject to Article 18, any person under the age of twenty-one years whose father is a citizen or, if deceased, was a citizen at the time of his death, is entitled, upon application made to the registering authority by his parent or guardian, to be registered as a citizen if that authority is satisfied that he is ordinarily resident in the Federation and is of good character.